Reference soil Botswana 01: Luvisol

BW001

Distribution of Luvisols

A deep, moderately well drained profile with a topsoil of dark reddish brown sandy clay loam overlying a homogeneous dusky red clayey subsoil (underlain by very hard calcrete). Organic matter decreases irregularly and remains high with depth. Coarse mineral fragments of quartz and granite occur throughout the profile and increase with depth. Only a very few thin clay cutans are observed in thin sections. Kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Cutanic- Luvisol (Profondic Rhodic Colluvic)

Rhodi-Profondic- Luvisol (Cutanic)

12-122 cm

argic horizon

0-40 cm	ochric horizon
12-122 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

OrthiChromic Luvisol

Eutric Nitosol

0-40 cm	ochric A horizon
12-122 cm	argic B horizon
-	fluvic property

0-40 cm	ochric A horizon
12-160 cm	argillic B horizon

Local classification

Classification information	Tobela series

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Aridic Paleustalf ustic fine mixed hyperthermic
USDA-SCS (1975)	Aridic Paleustalf ustic fine mixed hyperthermic

Location:

Central Province, 6km SE of Shoshong, S of Serowe

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Clay % weight/weight	coarse sand % weight/weight	coarse silt % weight/weight	fine sand % weight/weight	fine silt % weight/weight	Gravel % volume/volume	medium sand % weight/weight	Total sand % weight/weight	Total silt % weight/weight	very coarse sand % weight/weight	very fine sand % weight/weight
0-12	39.8	12.6	4.9	9.9	8.1	1	7.6	46.5	13	9.5	6.9
12-40	49.1	9.5	5.3	8.5	5.4	3	6.0	41.7	10.7	9.2	8.5
40-76	49.6	9.4	5.1	8.8	4.6	3	5.8	39.7	9.7	8.5	7.2
76-122	46.9	9.0	6.1	10.3	4.5	4	5.7	43.6	10.6	8.3	10.3
122-160	43.1	9.0	6.2	6.4	5.0	40	4.3	44.6	11.2	19.3	5.6

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Clay % weight/weight	COLE cm/cm	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	Water disp. clay %
0-12	-	39.8	-	-	-
12-40	-	49.1	-	-	-
40-76	-	49.6	-	-	-
76-122	-	46.9	-	-	-
122-160	-	43.1	-	-	-

Chemical characteristics

Depth (cm)	C % weight/weight	Ca cmol(c)/kg	CaCO3 % weight/weight	C / N unitless	EC 1: 2.5 mS/cm	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	N %	Na cmol(c)/kg	pH H2O unitless	pHKCl unitless	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-12	1.70	10.9	1.5	12	0.23	-	-	1.4	3.8	0.14	0.1	6.3	5.6	16.2
12-40	0.99	10.1	0.0	11	0.23	-	-	1.0	3.8	0.09	0.1	5.8	5.2	15
40-76	0.71	9.7	0.0	10	0.60	-	-	0.8	3.5	0.07	0.0	5.9	5.4	14
76-122	0.58	9.1	0.0	12	0.44	-	-	0.7	3.0	0.05	0.0	5.8	5.2	12.8
122-160	0.46	12.2	1.6	9	-	-	-	0.8	2.7	0.05	0.1	7.0	5.3	15.8

Depth (cm)	Al sat. %	Base sat. %	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	ESP %
0-12	-	76	53	6.0	21.2	-	0
12-40	-	77	40	3.5	19.5	-	1
40-76	-	72	39	2.5	19.4	-	0
76-122	-	71	39	2.0	18.1	-	0
122-160	-	84	44	1.6	18.9	-	1

Depth (cm)	Al d % weight/weight	Al o % weight/weight	Al p % weight/weight	C p % weight/weight	Fe d % weight/weight	Fe o % weight/weight	Fe p % weight/weight	ODOE unitless	pH NaF unitless	P Retention %	Si o % weight/weight
0-12	-	-	-	-	2.4	-	-	-	-	-	-
12-40	-	-	-	-	2.8	-	-	-	-	-	-
40-76	-	-	-	-	2.9	-	-	-	-	-	-
76-122	-	-	-	-	2.8	-	-	-	-	-	-
122-160	-	-	-	-	2.3	-	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % weight/weight	CaO % weight/weight	Fe2O3 % weight/weight	K2O % weight/weight	MgO % weight/weight	Na2O % weight/weight	SiO2 % weight/weight	TiO2 % weight/weight
0-12	28.5	1.48	13.8	1.58	1.51	0	51.3	1.2
40-76	31.0	1.19	13.5	1.48	1.63	0	49.5	0.93
122-160	30.2	1.64	13.4	1.17	1.35	0.00	50.4	0.96

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	Ign.Loss clay % weight/weight	MnO2 % weight/weight	P2O5 % weight/weight	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Total Clay % weight/weight
0-12	3.2	-	-	0.62	3.1	9.9	2.3	99.99
40-76	3.6	-	-	0.8	2.7	9.7	2.1	100.03
122-160	3.5	-	-	0.9	2.8	10	2.2	100.02

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % weight/weight	CaO % weight/weight	Fe2O3 % weight/weight	K2O % weight/weight	MgO % weight/weight	Na2O % weight/weight	SiO2 % weight/weight	TiO2 % weight/weight
0-12	13.4	0.55	5.4	2.61	1.26	-	63.0	0.65
12-40	16.3	0.45	6.5	2.59	0.00	-	66.0	0.70
40-76	17.0	0.43	6.6	2.49	0.77	-	62.4	0.68
76-122	16.4	0.41	6.2	2.74	0.45	-	67.8	0.67
122-160	14.8	0.49	5.3	3.03	0.77	-	67.0	0.60

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % weight/weight	MnO2 % weight/weight	P2O5 % weight/weight	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-12	3.9	10.3	0.05	0.11	8	31	6.3
12-40	3.9	10.9	0.04	0.07	6.9	27	5.5
40-76	4	11.0	0.04	0.03	6.2	25.1	5
76-122	4.1	10.0	0.05	0.05	7	29.1	5.7
122-160	4.4	8.5	0.05	0.03	7.7	33.6	6.3

Trace elements

Depth (cm)	As mg/kg	Ba mg/kg	Cd mg/kg	Co mg/kg	Cr mg/kg	Cu mg/kg	Mn mg/kg
0-12	-	-	-	37	41	18	590
12-40	-	-	-	48	41	34	490
40-76	-	-	-	19	70	31	480
76-122	-	-	-	15	60	24	450
122-160	-	380	-	31	60	38	472

Depth (cm)	Mo mg/kg	Ni mg/kg	Pb mg/kg	Sr mg/kg	V mg/kg	Zn mg/kg
0-12	-	67	-	12	-	40
12-40	-	73	-	12	-	43
40-76	-	50	-	19	-	32
76-122	-	35	-	6	-	19
122-160	-	54	-	16	-	31

Profile description

Ah 0-12 cm	dusky red (2.5YR 3/2, moist) dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, dry)sandy clay,medium subangular blocky,hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few fine pores,common fine medium roots,slightly calcareous (0-2%),gradual wavy boundary to,
AB 12-40 cm	dark reddish brown (2.5YR 2/4, moist) dark reddish brown (2.5YR 2/4, dry)clay slightly gravelly,weak fine subangular blocky medium,extremely hard firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,continuous thin cutans,no few fine tubular pores,common medium few coarse roots,non calcareous,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt1 40-76 cm	dusky red (10R 3/4, moist) dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4, dry)clay gravelly,fine and medium subangular blocky,extremely hard firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,continuous thin cutans,few medium tubular pores,few fine few medium roots,non calcareous,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt2 76-122 cm	dusky red (10R 3/4, moist) dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4, dry)clay gravelly,weak fine subangular blocky medium,hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few few fine medium tubular pores,few fine few medium roots,non calcareous,clear smooth boundary to,
BC 122-175 cm	dark red (2.5YR 3/6, moist)clay gravelly,massive,hard firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,few fine few medium roots,slightly calcareous (0-2%),clear smooth boundary to,

Remarks on Parent Materials	dolerite and granite
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	residual material
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	dolerite
Texture of parent material	clayey
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	granite
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly
Weathering Resistance	high
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material

Soil erosion type	sheet
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	slight
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Soil erosion type (second entry)	rill

Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	semi-deciduous woodland
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Savanna, Acacia mixed woodland witk A.grandicornuta, A.karroo, A.tennespina and Dichrostachys cenera. LAND USE: Good grass cover, used for occasional grazing
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	semi-natural grassland, grazed

Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	pediment
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Form of the slope surrounding the site	concave
Altitude	1125m
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating
Slope	4%

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Moist From - To	0-175cm

Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Microrelief pattern	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline

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Reference soil Botswana 01: Luvisol

Classification