Reference soil Brazil 01: Lixisol

BR001

Distribution of Lixisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Deep, moderately well drained, red clay soil derived from gneiss; having a yellowish brown, porous massive, sandy (clay) loam topsoil. The B horizons show a multicolouring aspect due to grey and brown coatings of illuvial clay from upper horizons, in the C horizons this is caused by weathering minerals. The B horizons may have a limited permeability resulting in a temporary saturation of (A and) E horizon with lateral transport of moisture towards the valley. *) Brazilian classification: Podzolico Vermelho Amarelo abrupto Tb alico. Drainage pattern: dendritic; often presence of flat depressions without clear streamlines. Vegetation coverage: 5% shrubs; 20% herbs; 50% grasses; 25% bare soil (the original vegetation was a tropical forest). Limitations in land use: a. slope too steep for mechanization. b. rootability and possibilities for tillage suboptimal. c. risk of erosion. Reference soil BR 01 is comparable to soil profiel RJ 2 II RCC.

Classification

WRB 2006

Cutanic-Vetic Lixisol (Albic Clayic Chromic)

14-38 cm	albic horizon
38-100 cm	argic horizon

WRB 1998

Veti-Albic Lixisol (Abruptic Chromic)

0-14 cm	ochric horizon
14-38 cm	albic horizon
38-100 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

Chromi-Haplic Lixisol

0-14 cm	ochric A horizon
14-38 cm	albic E horizon
38-100 cm	argic B horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Ferric Luvisol

0-14 cm	ochric A horizon
14-38 cm	albic E horizon
38-100 cm	argillic B horizon
-	ferric

Local classification

Classification information	Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo abrupto Tb álico

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Kanhaplustalf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Paleustalf ustic fine-loamy kaolinitic isohyperthermic

Location:

Rio de Janeiro, Itaguaí

More images

Physical

Particle size distribution:

Depth (cm)	coarse sand % weight/weight	very coarse sand % weight/weight	Gravel % volume/volume	Total silt % weight/weight	medium sand % weight/weight	fine silt % weight/weight	fine sand % weight/weight	Clay % weight/weight	Total sand % weight/weight	coarse silt % weight/weight	very fine sand % weight/weight
0-14	18.5	9.3	-	15.9	20.5	8.2	16.0	15.0	69.0	7.7	4.7
14-30	16.8	6.8	-	14.5	21.2	8.1	15.4	20.9	64.6	6.4	4.4
30-38	15.6	6.9	-	12.9	19.8	6.7	14.7	25.9	61.3	6.2	4.3
38-50	4.0	1.6	-	11.5	6.5	8.2	10.5	60.6	27.7	3.3	5.1
50-80	12.1	6.3	-	15.5	8.7	10.9	5.7	49.4	35.1	4.6	2.3
80-100	13.4	8.7	-	19.6	8.0	14.0	5.5	41.9	38.6	5.6	3.0
100-157	13.3	9.6	-	26.1	8.7	19.2	8.5	28.6	45.1	6.9	5.0
157-180	13.6	15.8	-	26.0	8.9	19.0	11.1	19.3	54.6	7.0	5.2

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	pF 4.2 % volume/volume	pF 1.0 % volume/volume	pF 1.5 % volume/volume	pF 2.7 % volume/volume	pF 2.0 % volume/volume	pF 3.4 % volume/volume	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 2.3 % volume/volume	pF 0 % volume/volume
18-23	13.6	35.3	29.4	18.2	23.0	14.8	1.571	20.6	36.2
60-65	27.4	41.4	37.9	31.6	34.8	30.3	1.426	33.4	43.0
115-120	20.6	40.4	37.9	29.7	34.4	23.6	1.535	32.4	41.0

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	Water disp. clay %	Clay % weight/weight	Bulk density kg/dm³	COLE cm/cm
18-23	-	-	-	1.571	-
0-14	26	7.1	15.0	-	-
14-30	29	14.3	20.9	-	-
60-65	-	-	-	1.426	-
115-120	-	-	-	1.535	-
30-38	35	16.5	25.9	-	-
38-50	79	0.0	60.6	-	-
50-80	73	2.9	49.4	-	-
80-100	65	0.5	41.9	-	-
100-157	56	0.5	28.6	-	-
157-180	48	1.5	19.3	-	-

Chemical characteristics:

Depth (cm)	pHKCl unitless	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	EC 1: 2.5 mS/cm	K cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	pH H2O unitless	C / N unitless	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	N %	C % weight/weight	CaCO3 % weight/weight
0-14	4.1	0.4	0.1	1.8	1.0	0.20	0.2	0.5	4.5	11	0.2	0.09	0.95	-
14-30	3.9	0.8	0.1	1.4	1.0	0.05	0.0	0.3	4.7	-	0.4	-	0.42	-
30-38	3.9	0.7	0.1	1.3	0.8	0.04	0.0	0.4	4.9	-	0.4	-	0.38	-
38-50	5.4	-	0.1	3.3	0.8	0.02	0.1	2.3	6.5	-	-	-	0.27	-
50-80	4.4	-	0.1	2.5	1.4	0.02	0.1	0.9	5.8	-	-	-	0.34	-
80-100	4.2	-	0.2	2.4	1.2	0.02	0.0	1.0	5.8	-	-	-	0.18	-
100-157	3.9	-	0.2	2.3	0.6	0.02	0.0	1.5	5.6	-	-	-	0.13	-
157-180	3.4	-	0.0	2.9	0.8	0.02	0.1	2.0	5.5	-	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	Al sat. %	ESP %	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg
0-14	5	3	49	3.7	-	25	3.3
14-30	19	5	67	2.1	-	10	1.5
30-38	15	4	50	2.6	-	10	1.3
38-50	-	3	85	3.9	-	6	0.9
50-80	-	3	71	3.5	-	7	1.2
80-100	-	5	55	4.4	-	11	0.6
100-157	-	4	46	5.0	-	17	0.5
157-180	-	0	38	7.7	-	40	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF unitless	P Retention %	Si o % weight/weight	Al d % weight/weight	Fe o % weight/weight	Al p % weight/weight	Al o % weight/weight	ODOE unitless	C p % weight/weight	Fe p % weight/weight	Fe d % weight/weight
0-14	-	7	0.00	0.10	0.10	-	0.00	-	-	-	0.50
14-30	-	8	0.00	0.10	0.10	-	0.00	-	-	-	0.60
30-38	-	9	0.00	0.10	0.10	-	0.00	-	-	-	0.70
38-50	-	20	0.00	0.30	0.10	-	0.10	-	-	-	3.40
50-80	-	-	0.00	0.20	0.10	-	0.10	-	-	-	1.80
80-100	-	17	0.00	0.10	0.10	-	0.10	-	-	-	1.40
100-157	-	-	0.00	0.10	0.00	-	0.10	-	-	-	1.40
157-180	-	11	0.00	0.10	0.00	-	0.00	-	-	-	0.80

Profile description

Ap 0-14 cm	light brownish grey (10YR 6/2, dry) (10YR 3.5/1.5, moist)sandy clay loam,weak very fine and fine subangular blocky and weak very fine and fine granular,slightly hard very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,many very fine fine pores and many pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
E1 14-30 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, moist) pale brown (10YR 6/3, dry)sandy clay loam,strongly coherent porous massive,very hard very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,common very fine fine pores,clear wavy boundary to,
E2 30-38 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, moist) pale brown (10YR 6/3, dry)sandy clay loam gravelly,strongly coherent porous massive,very hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,common very fine fine pores,few fine gravel strongly weathered quartz fragments,clear wavy boundary to,
Bt1 38-50 cm	red (2.5YR 4/6, moist) reddish yellow (5YR 6/6, dry)clay,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky and moderate fine and medium angular blocky,very hard friable very sticky very plastic,broken thick clay cutans,common pores,gradual wavy boundary to,
Bt2 50-80 cm	red (2.5YR 4/6, moist) light red (2.5YR 6/6, dry)clay,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky and moderate fine and medium angular blocky,very hard friable very sticky very plastic,broken thick clay cutans,gradual wavy boundary to,
Bt3 80-100 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist) reddish yellow (5YR 6/6, dry)clay loam,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,very hard friable very sticky very plastic,broken moderately thick clay cutans,very few fine gravel strongly weathered not identified fragments,gradual irregular boundary to,
CB 100-157 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist) reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6, dry)sandy clay loam,weak medium subangular blocky to moderately coherent porous massive,hard very friable sticky plastic,few fine gravel strongly weathered not identified fragments,gradual wavy boundary to,
C 157-180 cm	yellow (10YR 7/6, dry) reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6, moist)moderately coherent porous massive,slightly hard very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,frequent fine gravel strongly weathered not identified fragments,

Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly
Soil Depth	180cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	gneiss
Remarks on Parent Materials	Precambrium association of biotite gneiss and granitic gneiss
Weathering Resistance	high
Texture of parent material	loamy

Soil erosion type	sheet
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	semi-natural grassland, grazed
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	grassland
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: 5% shrubs; 20% herbs; 50% grasses; 25% bare soil (the original vegetation was a tropical forest).Limitations in land use: a) slope too steep for mechanization; b) rootability and possibilities for til LANDUSE: Occasional subsistence farming
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary

Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Physiographic Unit	low hill with flat depression
Altitude	45m
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Slope	20%

Dry From - To	0-180cm
Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	100cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Estimated run off (class)	rapid
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	38cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well

Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

Depth (cm)	Mixed-layer unitless	Chlorite unitless	Mica / illite unitless	Kaolinite unitless	Hematite unitless	Feldspar unitless	Vermiculite unitless	Gibbsite unitless	Halloysite unitless	Smec unitless	Quartz unitless	Goethite unitless
0-14	medium to strong	-	medium to strong	very strong	-	weak	-	-	-	-	very weak	very weak
14-30	medium to strong	-	medium to strong	very strong	-	weak	-	-	-	-	very weak	weak
38-50	weak	-	weak	very strong	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong
50-80	weak	-	weak	very strong	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak
80-100	weak	-	very weak	very strong	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak
100-157	weak	-	very weak	very strong	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak
157-180	weak	-	very weak	very strong	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak

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Reference soil Brazil 01: Lixisol

Classification