Reference soil Brazil 02: Lixisol

BR002

Distribution of Lixisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Deep, well drained, dark red clay derived from gneiss. AB horizon has about 30% of darker coloured(7.5YR4/3) spots due to incomplete homogenization. Structure of AB horizon has also porous massive character. CB horizon consists mainly out of multicoloured weathered rock. Density of termitaria about 4/hectare. Erosion is accelerated in cultivated spots, locally rill and shallow gullies are present. The surrounding area is partly cultivated for subsistence crops. Brazilian classification: Podzolico Vermelho-Amarelo Eutrofico. *)Middle to superior pre-cambrium,'Paraiba do Sul'group. Refence soil BR02 is comparable to soil profile 5 PRJ - I RCC

Location:

Rio de Janeiro, Aparibe

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Physical

Particle size distribution:

Depth (cm)	coarse sand % weight/weight	very coarse sand % weight/weight	Gravel % volume/volume	Total silt % weight/weight	medium sand % weight/weight	fine silt % weight/weight	fine sand % weight/weight	Clay % weight/weight	Total sand % weight/weight	coarse silt % weight/weight	very fine sand % weight/weight
0-14	7.5	2.9	-	12.9	15.6	6.0	25.3	25.6	61.6	6.9	10.3
14-27	3.7	1.6	-	13.7	9.8	5.5	16.2	32.2	54.2	8.2	22.9
27-41	4.9	1.8	-	11.0	10.3	3.9	15.7	49.4	39.4	7.1	6.7
41-72	10.5	5.9	-	12.9	10.2	9.2	7.1	50.9	36.1	3.7	2.4
72-110	2.9	1.1	-	23.4	5.4	15.9	10.4	50.9	25.8	7.5	6.0
110-155	3.8	1.2	-	24.3	7.8	17.5	14.0	42.0	33.7	6.8	6.9
155-175	7.3	3.1	-	26.4	11.1	19.5	14.7	31.2	42.3	6.9	6.1

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	pF 4.2 % volume/volume	pF 1.0 % volume/volume	pF 1.5 % volume/volume	pF 2.7 % volume/volume	pF 2.0 % volume/volume	pF 3.4 % volume/volume	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 2.3 % volume/volume	pF 0 % volume/volume
15-20	16.9	39.6	37.8	21.3	29.6	18.6	1.476	24.9	40.4
40-45	28.1	43.8	39.0	30.6	34.5	30.6	1.414	32.6	44.6
80-85	27.5	46.5	42.5	34.6	38.5	30.5	1.377	36.7	47.3

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	Water disp. clay %	Clay % weight/weight	Bulk density kg/dm³	COLE cm/cm
15-20	-	-	-	1.476	-
0-14	38	12.8	25.6	-	-
14-27	45	19.4	32.2	-	-
40-45	-	-	-	1.414	-
80-85	-	-	-	1.377	-
27-41	64	23.1	49.4	-	-
41-72	74	26.9	50.9	-	-
72-110	79	0.5	50.9	-	-
110-155	83	0.5	42.0	-	-
155-175	88	1.5	31.2	-	-

Chemical characteristics:

Depth (cm)	pHKCl unitless	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	EC 1: 2.5 mS/cm	K cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	pH H2O unitless	C / N unitless	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	N %	C % weight/weight	CaCO3 % weight/weight
0-14	4.5	-	0.4	2.9	1.2	0.05	0.1	1.2	5.7	11	-	0.09	0.99	-
14-27	4.5	-	0.3	2.9	1.2	0.03	0.1	1.3	5.8	11	-	0.06	0.65	-
27-41	4.9	-	0.1	2.8	1.2	0.03	0.0	1.5	6.1	8	-	0.06	0.46	-
41-72	4.2	-	0.1	2.4	1.4	0.03	0.0	0.9	5.4	9	-	0.05	0.47	-
72-110	4.8	-	0.3	3.9	0.2	0.01	0.2	3.2	5.7	-	-	-	0.19	-
110-155	4.3	-	0.2	5.5	0.4	0.01	0.2	4.7	5.8	-	-	-	0.15	-
155-175	3.9	-	0.1	8.0	0.0	0.01	0.1	7.8	6.0	-	-	-	0.13	-

Depth (cm)	Al sat. %	ESP %	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg
0-14	-	9	66	4.4	-	17	3.5
14-27	-	9	83	3.5	-	11	2.3
27-41	-	3	72	3.9	-	8	1.6
41-72	-	2	50	4.8	-	9	1.6
72-110	-	6	74	5.3	-	10	0.7
110-155	-	2	59	9.4	-	22	0.5
155-175	-	1	73	10.9	-	35	0.5

Depth (cm)	pH NaF unitless	P Retention %	Si o % weight/weight	Al d % weight/weight	Fe o % weight/weight	Al p % weight/weight	Al o % weight/weight	ODOE unitless	C p % weight/weight	Fe p % weight/weight	Fe d % weight/weight
0-14	-	6	0.00	0.10	0.10	-	0.00	-	-	-	1.20
14-27	-	8	0.00	0.10	0.10	-	0.00	-	-	-	1.50
27-41	-	13	0.00	0.30	0.10	-	0.00	-	-	-	2.50
41-72	-	16	0.00	0.20	0.10	-	0.10	-	-	-	2.00
72-110	-	20	0.00	0.30	0.10	-	0.10	-	-	-	3.80
110-155	-	-	0.00	0.20	0.10	-	0.10	-	-	-	2.70
155-175	-	15	0.00	0.10	0.10	-	0.10	-	-	-	1.80

Profile description

A(p) 0-14 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/2, moist)sandy clay loam,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,hard very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine fine pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
AB 14-27 cm	red (2.5YR 4/8, moist)sandy clay,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,very hard friable sticky plastic,many very fine fine pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt1 27-41 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist)clay,moderate to strong fine and medium angular blocky,extremely hard very friable sticky plastic,broken thick clay cutans,common very fine fine pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt2 41-110 cm	red (2.5YR 4/6, moist)clay,moderate to strong fine and medium angular blocky,very hard very friable sticky plastic,broken thick clay cutans,common very fine fine pores,diffuse wavy boundary to,
BC 110-155 cm	red (2.5YR 4/6, moist)clay,strong fine and medium angular blocky,very hard very friable sticky plastic,continuous thick clay cutans,common very fine fine pores,few fragments,diffuse wavy boundary to,
CB 155-175 cm	red (2.5YR 4/6, moist)silty clay loam,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,hard very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,patchy moderately thick clay cutans,few pores,no fragments,

0-27 cm	ochric horizon
14-155 cm	argic horizon

0-27 cm	ochric A horizon
14-155 cm	argic B horizon
- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

0-27 cm	ochric A horizon
14-155 cm	argillic B horizon
-	ferric

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Kanhaplustalf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Paleustalf ustic clayey hyperthermic

Soil Depth	150cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	acidic gneiss
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	middle to upper Precambrium, locally known as 'Paraiba do Sul' group
Texture of parent material	clayey
Weathering Resistance	moderate

Soil erosion type (second entry)	rill
Soil erosion type	sheet
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Slope stability	locally unstable
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	moderate

Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	grassland
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	semi-natural grassland, grazed
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Grass: Grama batatais LANDUSE: Surroundings are partly cultivated for subsistence crops
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary

Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	hilly
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	hill
Physiographic Unit	low hill
Slope Aspect	south
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Altitude	80m
Slope	30%

Dry From - To	0-175cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	rapid
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well

Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	termite/ant mounds
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	surface partly slaked, round smooth aggregates
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	little rocky
Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Microrelief Height: variation in height	125
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	very few stones
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Microrelief pattern	isolated

Depth (cm)	Mixed-layer unitless	Chlorite unitless	Mica / illite unitless	Kaolinite unitless	Hematite unitless	Feldspar unitless	Vermiculite unitless	Gibbsite unitless	Halloysite unitless	Smec unitless	Quartz unitless	Goethite unitless
0-14	-	-	weak	very strong	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong
14-27	weak	-	weak	very strong	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong
27-41	weak	-	weak	very strong	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong
41-72	weak	-	weak	very strong	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong
72-110	weak	-	weak	very strong	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong
110-155	very weak	-	very weak	very strong	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong
155-175	very weak	-	-	very strong	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak

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Reference soil Brazil 02: Lixisol