Reference soil Brazil 16: Phaeozem

BR016

Phaeozems occur all over the world, but especially on the more moist side of the steppe regions, bordering Chernozems.

Characteristics

Soils having a mollic horizon (deep, brownish or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation); a base saturation of 50 percent or more between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; a calcium carbonate-free soil matrix at least to a depth of 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a contrasting layer between 25 and 100 cm; no diagnostic horizons other than an albic, argic, cambic or vertic horizon, or a petrocalcic horizon in the substratum.

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil BR016: Phaeozems

Brief field description: Deep, well drained, dark brown sandy clay loam derived from basic gneiss with a well developed thick A-horizon. A few pieces of bricks/potshells are found in the A-horizons. The colour in BC and C-horizon is an approximation because of multi-coloured minerals. A banded gneiss structure is present in the C1 and C2 horizon. Pore size is very fine to fine. Physiography:* The demi-orange relief is known as "meia-laranja". Original vegetation: deciduous forest. Slides:no 9911-9805

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Luvic- Phaeozem (Pachic)

Pachi-Luvic- Phaeozem

0-58 cm	mollic horizon
58-82 cm	argic horizon

0-58 cm	mollic horizon
58-82 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Pachi-Luvic Phaeozem

Luvic Phaeozem

0-58 cm	mollic A horizon
58-82 cm	argic B horizon

0-58 cm	mollic A horizon
58-82 cm	argillic B horizon

Local classification:	Brunizem Avermelhado

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Pachic Argiustoll
USDA-SCS (1975)	Pachic Argiustoll ustic clayey isohyperthermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-14	0	4.4	8.5	11.4	19.2	12.0	55.5	13.4	10.2	23.6	20.9
14-45	0	3.8	7.6	10.7	19.5	12.2	53.8	11.3	10.5	21.8	24.5
45-58	0	3.3	7.3	10.6	18.8	11.1	51.1	10.4	10.7	21.1	27.7
58-82	0	1.8	4.7	8.2	17.0	8.9	40.6	8.0	16.9	24.9	34.5
82-105	0	5.1	8.9	13.8	23.6	9.6	61.0	7.8	12.7	20.5	18.5
105-125	0	4.1	13.8	19.7	29.9	11.2	78.7	6.0	6.8	12.8	8.7
125-150	45	7.7	15.7	17.8	30.3	11.9	83.4	7.6	5.4	13.0	3.7

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
7-12	1.210	-	-	-	-
0-14	-	-	-	9.7	20.9
37-42	1.475	-	-	-	-
14-45	-	-	-	13.6	24.5
45-58	-	-	-	15.2	27.7
75-80	1.367	-	-	-	-
58-82	-	-	-	14.7	34.5
120-125	1.645	-	-	-	-
82-105	-	-	-	10.5	18.5
105-125	-	-	-	6.4	8.7
125-150	-	-	-	2.5	3.7

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
7-12	1.210	46.8	40.3	30.7	26.0	23.6	21.3	16.1	15.7
37-42	1.475	39.7	38.3	33.6	31.3	30.0	28.5	20.3	19.0
75-80	1.367	46.9	45.8	42.3	39.9	38.4	36.5	28.0	27.1
120-125	1.645	35.5	32.9	26.7	21.5	18.5	16.2	12.2	12.0

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-14	5.6	4.8	0.21	-	2.46	0.17	14	0	0	12.2	2.8	0.4	0.1	15.5
14-45	6.1	4.8	0.06	-	1.80	0.13	14	0	0	13.2	2.9	0.1	0.1	16.3
45-58	6.5	4.9	0.03	-	1.67	0.12	14	0	0	14.5	3.4	0.1	0.0	18.0
58-82	6.7	4.6	0.50	1.8	0.64	0.07	9	0	0	12.5	5.0	0.1	0.1	17.7
82-105	7.0	4.5	0.29	0.6	0.31	-	-	0	0	8.8	4.4	0.0	0.0	13.2
105-125	6.9	4.7	0.03	1.2	0.12	-	-	0	0	5.0	2.4	0.1	0.1	7.6
125-150	6.9	4.6	0.02	1.2	0.05	-	-	0	0	3.6	1.4	0.1	0.2	5.3

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-14	81	19.2	92	8.6	-	0	1
14-45	96	17.0	69	6.3	-	0	1
45-58	94	19.2	69	5.8	-	0	0
58-82	119	14.9	43	2.2	-	0	1
82-105	181	7.3	39	1.1	-	0	0
105-125	131	5.8	67	0.4	-	0	2
125-150	151	3.5	95	0.2	-	0	6

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-14	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	1.20	0.10	-	-	-	0.20
14-45	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	1.50	0.20	-	-	-	0.20
45-58	-	-	-	0.10	0.10	1.70	0.20	-	-	-	0.20
58-82	-	-	-	0.20	0.10	3.10	0.30	-	-	-	0.20
82-105	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	2.00	0.20	-	-	-	0.20
105-125	-	-	-	0.00	0.00	1.40	0.10	-	-	-	0.10
125-150	-	-	-	0.00	0.00	1.10	0.10	-	-	-	0.00

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-14	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	medium to strong	-	-	medium to strong	-
14-45	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	medium to strong	-	-	medium to strong	-
45-58	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	medium to strong	-	-	medium to strong	-
58-82	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	medium to strong	-	-	medium to strong	-
82-105	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	medium to strong	-	-	weak	-
105-125	-	-	-	weak	-	-	strong	medium to strong	-	-	medium to strong	-
125-150	-	-	-	weak	-	-	strong	medium to strong	-	-	medium to strong	-

Profile description

Ap 0-14 cm	(7.5YR 2/1, moist)sandy clay loam,weak very fine and fine crumb and weak very fine and fine granular,very friable sticky plastic,many very fine pores,few pottery inclusions,gradual smooth boundary to,
Ah1 14-45 cm	(7.5YR 2/1, moist)sandy clay loam,weak to moderate fine and medium granular and MW MF subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine pores,few pottery inclusions,gradual smooth boundary to,
Ah2 45-58 cm	(7.5YR 3/1, moist)clay loam,weak to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine pores,few pottery inclusions,clear wavy boundary to,
Bt 58-82 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay loam,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky P,broken thin cutans,many very fine pores,gneiss fragments,gradual wavy boundary to,
82-105 cm	(7.5YR 4/3, moist)clay loam,strong fine and medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky P,many very fine pores,very few fine gravel strongly weathered gneiss fragments,gradual wavy boundary to,
C1 105-125 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)loamy sand,FI non sticky non plastic,common very fine pores,frequent fine gravel strongly weathered gneiss fragments,clear wavy boundary to,
C2 125-150 cm	loamy sandFI non sticky non plastic,few very fine pores,very frequent fine gravel weathered fragments,

Depth1	150cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	basic gneiss
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	Pre-Cambrian biotite gneiss with quartz veins
Soil Depth	125cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Weathering Resistance	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	sugar cane
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	medium level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Original vegetation is deciduous forest LANDUSE:
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	monoculture

Altitude	85m
Physiographic Unit	hill of demi-orange relief, locally known as "meia-laranja"
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	hill
Slope	10%
Slope Aspect	west
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-150cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Estimated run off (class)	rapid

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	little rocky
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Brazil 16: Phaeozem

Characteristics

Reference soil BR016: Phaeozems

Classification