Reference soil Côte d'Ivoire 05: Gleysol

CI005

Gleysols occur throughout the world where groundwater comes near to the surface, causing soils to become wet for a prolonged part of the year. They are particularly abundant in the low-lying river basins.

Characteristics

Soils having gleyic properties (properties associated with prolonged wetness) within 50 cm from the soil surface. They have no diagnostic horizons other than an anthraquic, histic, mollic, ochric, takyric, or umbric horizon at the surface, or an andic, calcic, cambic, gypsic, plinthic, salic, sulfuric, or vitric horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Gleysols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CI005: Gleysols

A poorly drained, deep soil (80-125 cm) with a porous massive structure, slightly coherent, below 37 cm. There are oxidation mottles almost throughout the profile. Along roots there are often "mottles" of organic matter.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Haplic- Gleysol (Eutric)

Eutric- Gleysol

12-50 cm	albic horizon
12-75 cm	ferralic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Albi-Eutric Gleysol

Eutric Gleysol

0-12 cm	ochric A horizon
12-50 cm	albic E horizon
12-75 cm	ferralic B horizon
-	gleyic

0-12 cm	ochric A horizon
12-120 cm	oxic B horizon
-	hydromorphic

Local classification:	Sol hydromorphe

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Tropaquept aquic coarse-loamy kaolinitic isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	0.3	4.5	24.7	33.4	14.5	77.4	8.0	4.8	12.8	9.8
10-35	-	0.4	6.7	25.8	28.5	12.0	73.4	6.8	5.1	11.9	14.8
40-50	-	0.8	5.5	24.6	29.0	11.9	71.8	6.7	6.5	13.2	15.0
50-75	-	1.2	7.7	27.3	27.8	10.2	74.2	6.3	5.0	11.3	14.4
75-100	-	1.6	9.2	27.6	25.8	8.8	73	6.1	5.0	11.1	16.0
100-120	-	2.2	8.3	21.1	16.7	5.9	54.2	5.7	15.6	21.3	24.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
37-50	1.59	-	-	-	-
0-10	-	-	-	1.8	9.8
60-70	1.61	-	-	-	-
10-35	-	-	-	5.3	14.8
40-50	-	-	-	8.2	15.0
80-90	1.63	-	-	-	-
50-75	-	-	-	10.9	14.4
75-100	-	-	-	12.9	16.0
100-120	-	-	-	19.9	24.6

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
37-50	1.59	35.7	34.8	30.6	26.5	23.8	22.1	15.3	13.3
60-70	1.61	32.9	32.1	28.0	23.9	21.8	19.8	13.8	12.5
80-90	1.63	35.3	34.2	30.8	27.3	25.1	22.8	16.8	16.3

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	4.2	3.7	0.14	-	1.57	0.08	20	1.1	0.7	1.2	0.2	0.1	0.3	1.8
10-35	4.4	3.9	0.08	-	1.18	0.02	59	1.2	0.7	1.4	0.2	0.0	0.1	1.7
40-50	4.7	4.0	0.06	-	0.82	0.03	27	0.8	0.4	1.0	0.2	0.1	0.3	1.6
50-75	4.6	3.9	0.04	-	0.25	-	-	0.8	0.4	1.0	0.1	0.0	0.1	1.2
75-100	4.7	3.9	0.03	-	0.27	-	-	0.8	0.4	1.0	0.1	0.0	0.1	1.2
100-120	4.7	3.8	0.03	-	0.23	-	-	1.6	1.1	1.4	0.3	0.0	0.2	1.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	38	4.7	48	5.5	-	15	6
10-35	53	3.2	22	4.1	-	22	3
40-50	53	3.0	20	2.9	-	13	10
50-75	75	1.6	11	0.9	-	25	6
75-100	30	4.0	25	0.9	-	10	3
100-120	58	3.3	13	0.8	-	33	6

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	0.04	0.00	0.10	0.04	-	-	-	0.10
10-35	-	-	-	0.06	0.00	0.16	0.05	-	-	-	0.18
40-50	-	-	-	0.04	0.00	0.15	0.03	-	-	-	0.18
50-75	-	-	-	0.03	0.00	0.16	0.02	-	-	-	0.05
75-100	-	-	-	0.03	0.00	0.01	0.01	-	-	-	0.02
100-120	-	-	-	0.03	0.00	0.01	0.02	-	-	-	0.02

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-10	44.5	34.9	3.4	0.01	0.11	0.09	-	1.05
10-35	46.1	36.5	3.4	0.00	0.08	0.07	-	1.02
40-50	46.6	35.0	3.1	0.00	0.07	0.07	-	0.98
50-75	47.4	36.8	2.4	0.00	0.07	0.07	-	1.01
75-100	45.7	37.6	2.2	0.00	0.07	0.07	-	1.02
100-120	45.3	37.4	2.0	0.00	0.04	0.08	-	0.92

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
0-10	0.01	0.22	14.2	98.49	2.2	34.8	2	16.1
10-35	0.00	0.19	14.3	101.66	2.1	36	2	16.8
40-50	0.00	0.17	13.8	99.79	2.3	40	2.1	17.7
50-75	0.00	0.10	14.0	101.85	2.2	52.5	2.1	24
75-100	0.00	0.01	14.2	100.87	2.1	55.2	2	26.8
100-120	0.00	0.10	14.5	100.34	2.1	60.2	2	29.3

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-10	3.4	0.00	0.4	0.05	0.04	-	93.1	0.17
10-35	5.4	0.00	0.5	0.05	0.04	-	88.9	0.23
40-50	5.8	0.00	0.6	0.05	0.04	-	91.0	0.26
50-75	5.5	0.00	0.4	0.05	0.03	-	91.6	0.24
75-100	6.7	0.00	0.4	0.04	0.04	-	89.4	0.27
100-120	15.7	0.00	0.7	0.06	0.05	-	76.6	0.43

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-10	13.3	3.6	0.00	0.01	46.5	618.6	43.2
10-35	16.9	3.6	0.00	0.01	27.9	472.5	26.4
40-50	15.1	3.2	0.00	0.01	26.6	403.1	25
50-75	21.5	2.5	0.00	0.00	28.3	608.6	27
75-100	26.2	2.9	0.00	0.00	22.6	594	21.8
100-120	35.1	6.1	0.00	0.01	8.3	290.8	8

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-10	weak	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	very weak	-	very weak to weak	-	-
10-35	weak	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-
40-50	weak	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-
50-75	weak	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-
75-100	weak	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-
100-120	weak	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-

Profile description

BCg 37-50 cm	very pale brown (10YR 7/3, moist)(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist),sandy loam,loamy sand,moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky and moderate medium subangular blocky,weakly coherent porous massive,very friable non sticky non plastic,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common (5-15%) fine distinct diffuse mottles (5 Y 7/7) and many (15-40%) fine distinct mottles (7.5 YR 5/8),common micro to fine tubular pores,many micro to fine tubular and many micro to fine interstitial pores,many very fine to coarse roots,few fine and medium roots,non calcareous,non calcareous,gradual irregular boundary to,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw 12-37 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, moist)sandy loam,weak fine subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky non plastic,few (2-5%) fine faint diffuse mottles (7.5 YR 5/8),many micro to fine tubular and many micro to fine interstitial pores,common very fine to coarse roots,non calcareous,gradual smooth boundary to,
Cr1 50-75 cm	light grey (5Y 7/1, moist)sandy loam,weakly coherent porous massive,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common (5-15%) fine prominent clear mottles (7.5 YR 5/8),common micro to very fine tubular pores,few fine and medium roots,non calcareous,gradual smooth boundary to,
Cr2 75-100 cm	undescribed colour (10Y 8/1, moist)sandy loam,weakly coherent porous massive,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few (2-5%) fine distinct diffuse mottles (10 YR 6/6),few micro and very fine tubular pores,few very fine and fine roots,few coarse gravel quatrz fragments,non calcareous,clear smooth boundary to,
Cr3 100-120 cm	undescribed colour (10Y 7/1, moist)sandy clay loam slightly gravelly,weakly coherent porous massive,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few (2-5%) fine mottles,common very fine and fine tubular pores,few coarse gravel quartz fragments,non calcareous,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	metamorphic rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	Precambrian migmatite rich in biotite
Texture of parent material	loamy
Weathering Resistance	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	present
Intensity of the soil erosion type	moderate
Soil erosion type	splash

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	nature and game preservation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Tropical lowland forest; national park
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	primary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	155m
Physiographic Unit	floodplain in dissected peneplain
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	peneplain
Slope	4%
Slope Aspect	north-east
Form of the slope surrounding the site	concave
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	poor
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	irregular
(Estimated) maximum (lower) depth to groundwater table	80cm
Depth to groundwater table	0cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
(Estimated) minimum (upper) depth to groundwater table	40cm
Moist From - To	0-120cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Estimated run off (class)	slow

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Côte d'Ivoire 05: Gleysol

Characteristics

Reference soil CI005: Gleysols

Classification