Reference soil China 01: Luvisol

CN001

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN001: Luvisols

Very deep, moderately well drained, reddish brown silty clay loam derived from late Pleistocene loess. The thin topsoil has a very low organic carbon content and a weak to moderate subangular blocky structure. Upon drying a thick, slightly hard crust develops at the surface. The subsoil has moderate prismatic structures and shows common cutans of oriented clay. Most likely the soil has been truncated. MESO- AND MICRORELIEF: slopes have some low (<1m), irregularly spaced escarpments / INFILTRATION: estimated at 1-10 cm/day / SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS: moderate sealing, thickness varies from 0.5 to 1 cm / SOIL FAUNA: ants, worms, beetles and other insects, all kinds of multipieds / LAND USE AND HUMAN INFLUENCES: ploughing with buffalo traction, weed control by hand, use of fertilizers (ammonia and phosphate); large areas of the loess are excavated for brick production / HYDROLOGY: surface drainage almost absent, groundwater level generally below 10m depth / MICROMORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS: thin sections show between 15 and 100 cm depth approx. 1-5% oriented clay.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Cutanic- Luvisol (Siltic)

Cutani-Chromic- Luvisol (Haplic)

19-104 cm

argic horizon

0-19 cm	ochric horizon
19-104 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Silti-Chromic Luvisol

Chromic Luvisol

0-19 cm	ochric A horizon
- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

0-19 cm	ochric A horizon
19-104 cm	argillic B horizon

Local classification:	Argillic yellow brown soil; Hapli-Udic Argosol
Common name:	Brown clay-leached soil

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Hapludalf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Hapludalf udic fine-silty mixed thermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-7	-	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.3	1.4	2	32.0	34.8	66.8	31.2
7-19	-	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.4	1.6	30.2	35.8	66.0	32.4
19-38	-	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1	1.5	1.7	30.9	34.3	65.2	33.2
38-73	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	1.0	1.3	30.7	34.5	65.2	33.5
73-104	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.3	1.4	28.8	36.1	64.9	33.8
104-120	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.3	1.4	29.8	35.9	65.7	32.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-7	-	-	-	-	31.2
2-7	1.559	-	-	-	-
7-19	-	-	-	-	32.4
8-13	1.522	-	-	-	-
19-38	-	-	-	-	33.2
27-32	1.597	-	-	-	-
38-73	-	-	-	-	33.5
54-59	1.590	-	-	-	-
73-104	-	-	-	-	33.8
84-91	1.660	-	-	-	-
104-120	-	-	-	-	32.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
2-7	1.559	37.8	37.1	35.7	32.6	30.3	28.6	24.7	21.0
8-13	1.522	38.8	37.6	34.4	31.7	30.3	29.0	27.7	23.5
27-32	1.597	36.8	36.7	35.1	33.2	32.2	31.2	30.0	25.5
54-59	1.590	36.5	36.3	34.4	32.3	31.3	30.2	31.0	26.3
84-91	1.660	35.1	35.1	33.8	32.2	31.4	30.5	33.1	28.1

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-7	5.3	3.8	0.25	-	0.48	0.08	6	0.8	0.7	9.9	4.6	0.2	0.0	14.7
7-19	6.1	4.2	0.13	-	0.23	0.05	5	-	-	10.8	5.7	0.3	0.0	16.8
19-38	6.2	4.3	0.14	-	0.18	-	-	-	-	10.3	6.1	0.3	0.0	16.7
38-73	6.4	4.4	0.16	-	0.18	-	-	-	-	10.3	6.3	0.3	0.0	16.9
73-104	6.4	4.5	0.16	-	0.17	-	-	-	-	10.3	6.2	0.3	0.0	16.8
104-120	6.8	4.5	0.10	-	0.15	-	-	-	-	10.3	6.2	0.3	0.2	17

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-7	101	14.5	46	1.7	-	5	0
7-19	122	13.8	43	0.8	-	-	0
19-38	123	13.6	41	0.6	-	-	0
38-73	122	13.8	41	0.6	-	-	0
73-104	118	14.2	42	0.6	-	-	0
104-120	123	13.8	42	0.5	-	-	1

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-7	-	-	-	0.11	0.04	1.63	0.35	0.06	0.02	-	0.27
7-19	-	-	-	0.12	0.05	1.73	0.41	0.07	0.03	-	0.29
19-38	-	-	-	0.14	0.05	1.71	0.37	0.04	0.02	-	0.30
38-73	-	-	-	0.13	0.04	1.66	0.35	0.03	0.01	-	0.29
73-104	-	-	-	0.12	0.05	1.53	0.30	0.04	0.01	-	0.28
104-120	-	-	-	0.13	0.05	1.61	0.34	0.03	0.02	-	0.23

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-7	-	weak	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	-	-	medium to strong
7-19	-	weak	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	-	-	medium to strong
19-38	-	weak	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	-	-	medium to strong
38-73	-	weak	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	-	-	medium to strong
73-104	-	weak	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	-	-	medium to strong
104-120	-	weak	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	-	-	medium to strong

Profile description

Ap 0-7 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay loam,weak medium and coarse subangular blocky,very friable,common very fine continuous exped and inped tubular pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
7-19 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)silty clay,moderate coarse and very coarse subangular blocky,friable,broken moderately thick clay and humus cutans,common very fine fine continuous inped tubular pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt1 19-38 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)silty clay,moderate fine prismatic,friable,continuous moderately thick clay and humus cutans,common very fine fine continuous inped tubular pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt2 38-73 cm	(10YR 4/3.5, moist)clay,moderate medium prismatic,friable,continuous moderately thick clay and humus cutans,few common very fine medium continuous exped and inped tubular pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt3 73-104 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)silty clay,moderate coarse prismatic,friable,continuous moderately thick clay and humus cutans,few common very fine medium continuous exped and inped tubular pores,diffuse wavy boundary to,
104-120 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)silty clay,weak coarse prismatic,firm,few coarse distinct clear mottles (10YR 5/4),broken moderately thick clay and humus cutans,few common very fine fine continuous inped tubular pores,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	eolian loess
Remarks on Parent Materials	Xia Shu Loess
Soil Depth	180cm
Texture of parent material	silty
Texture of parent material (second entry)	silty

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Slope stability	locally unstable

Major crops	soya bean
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Other crop: maize
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	continuous crop rotation

Altitude	25m
Physiographic Unit	dissected loess region
Physiographic position of the site	crest
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	low hill
Slope	3%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-120cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	surface partly slaked, round smooth aggregates
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	terracettes
Microrelief pattern	isolated
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil China 01: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil CN001: Luvisols

Classification