Reference soil China 03: Anthrosol

CN003

Anthrosols occur over large areas in the Far East where growing of paddy rice takes place for centuries, in the Middle East where prolonged irrigation has been practised, and over small areas in western Europe and other parts of the world where long-time fertilization and earth-manuring have profoundly modified existing soils

Characteristics

Soils having either a hortic, irragric, plaggic or terric horizon 50 cm or more thick, or an anthraquic horizon and an underlying hydragric horizon with a combined thickness of 50 cm or more.

Distribution of Anthrosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN003: Anthrosol

Deep, poorly drained, mottled, brown silt loam to silty clay, derived from alluvial deltaic deposits. Submergence and puddling has resulted in a porous massive topsoil abruptly overlying a massive plough pan. Organic carbon content is moderate. The subsoil shows weak to moderate angular blocky structures. Illuvial iron is present below 50cm. HYDROLOGY: until 1982 flooding by the Chang Jiang River occurred every 10 years with a submergence of 10-20cm depth; infiltration is estimated at 1-10cm/day; surface drainage is controlled by ditches at various levels of importance / HUMAN INFLUENCES: ploughing, until 1982 puddling; the land has been bunded in 1982 into parcels of about 2m wide; throughout the soil small pottery fragments occur.

WRB 2006:

WRB 1998:

Hydragric Anthrosol

Luvi- Hydragric Anthrosol

0-27 cm	anthraquic horizon
65-102 cm	hydragric horizon

0-27 cm	anthraquic horizon
65-102 cm	hydragric horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988:

FAO-UNESCO 1974:

Fluvi-

Stagnic Luvisol

anthraquic phase

Gleyic Luvisol

phreatic phase

0-27 cm	ochric A horizon
- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
	stagnic properties

0-27 cm	ochric A horizon
27-102 cm	argillic B horizon
	hydromorphic properties

Other classification

Classification (other)

Recalcaric paddy soil; Gleyi-Stagnic Anthrosol

Location:

Shanghai County, Quibao, First of July People's Commune

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Physical

Particle size distribution:

Depth (cm)		Gravel (%)	Very Coarse Sand (%)	Coarse Sand (%)	Medium Sand (%)	Fine Sand (%)	Very Fine Sand (%)	Total Sand (%)	Coarse Silt (%)	Fine Silt (%)	Total Silt (%)	Clay (%)
0-21	:	-	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.3	-	25.9	46.7	72.6	26.2
21-27	:	-	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.5	-	25.0	49.2	74.2	24.6
27-52	:	-	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.2	-	21.8	51.6	73.4	26.0
52-65	:	-	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1	-	12.9	50.7	63.6	36.1
65-102	:	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	-	9.7	49.2	58.9	41.0
102-120	:	-	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	-	11.0	46.5	57.5	42.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)		Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	pF 0 (% w/v)	pF 1.0 (% w/v)	pF 1.5 (% w/v)	pF 2.0 (% w/v)	pF 2.3 (% w/v)	pF 2.7 (% w/v)	pF 3.4 (% w/v)	pF 4.2 (% w/v)	pF 2.5 (%)
5-10	:	1.318	48.1	46.8	44.9	43.5	42.3	40.8	27.0	22.6	-
21-27	:	1.414	45.9	45.3	43.8	42.3	41.3	39.9	25.3	21.6	-
37-43	:	1.486	40.7	40.5	39.3	37.9	37.0	35.6	26.4	22.0	-
57-63	:	1.559	42.0	41.0	39.2	37.5	36.6	35.1	34.1	28.5	-
73-84	:	1.488	45.5	45.2	44.0	42.5	42.0	40.6	38.5	32.1	-

Chemical characteristics:

Depth (cm)		pH H2O	pH KCl	EC 1 : 2.5 (mS/cm)	CaCO3 (%)	Org. C (%)	Org. N (%)	C / N	Exch. Acid (cmol/kg)	Exch. Al (cmol/kg)	Ca (cmol/kg)	Mg (cmol/kg)	K (cmol/kg)	Na (cmol/kg)	Sum Cations (cmol/kg)
0-21	:	7.2	6.4	0.29	1.7	1.11	-	-	-	-	14.0	3.8	0.3	0.2	-
21-27	:	7.5	6.6	0.34	2.7	0.77	-	-	-	-	12.7	3.7	0.3	0.2	-
27-52	:	7.8	6.3	0.18	2.0	0.44	-	-	-	-	11.9	4.1	0.3	0.4	-
52-65	:	8.0	6.4	0.16	2.3	0.47	-	-	-	-	14.0	6.0	0.3	0.4	-
65-102	:	8.2	7.0	0.25	3.7	0.28	-	-	-	-	15.4	6.9	0.3	0.5	-
102-120	:	7.9	6.7	0.25	3.2	0.42	-	-	-	-	15.4	6.7	0.4	0.4	-

Depth (cm)		CEC Soil (cmol/kg)	CEC Clay (cmol/kg)	CEC Org (cmol/kg)	ECEC (cmol/kg)	Base sat. (%)	Al sat. (%)	ESP (%)
0-21	:	16.1	-	3.9	-	-	-	1
21-27	:	15.1	-	2.7	-	-	-	1
27-52	:	14.9	-	1.5	-	-	-	3
52-65	:	18.6	-	1.6	-	-	-	2
65-102	:	18.1	-	1.0	-	-	-	3
102-120	:	20.1	-	1.5	-	-	-	2

Depth (cm)		pH NaF	P Retention (%)	ODOE	Melanic Index	Fe o (wt%)	Al o (wt%)	Si o (wt%)	Fe d (wt%)	Al d (wt%)	Fe p (wt%)	Al p (wt%)	C p (wt%)
0-21	:	-	-	-	-	0.41	0.09	0.04	0.87	0.13	0.04	0.00	-
21-27	:	-	-	-	-	0.37	0.08	0.04	0.85	0.13	0.04	0.01	-
27-52	:	-	-	-	-	0.30	0.08	0.05	0.92	0.16	0.02	0.01	-
52-65	:	-	-	-	-	0.12	0.09	0.05	1.16	0.17	0.03	0.01	-
65-102	:	-	-	-	-	0.12	0.13	0.05	1.75	0.24	0.02	0.01	-
102-120	:	-	-	-	-	0.10	0.12	0.06	1.54	0.19	0.03	0.02	-

Clay mineralogy:

Depth (cm)		Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Vermiculite	Chlorite	Smec	Halloysite	Mixed layer	Quar	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Hematite
0-21	:	medium to strong	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	medium to strong	-	weak	very weak	-	-	weak	-
21-27	:	medium to strong	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	medium to strong	-	weak	very weak	-	-	weak	-
27-52	:	medium to strong	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	medium to strong	-	weak	very weak	-	-	weak	-
52-65	:	medium to strong	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	medium to strong	-	weak	very weak	-	-	weak	-
65-102	:	medium to strong	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	medium to strong	-	weak	very weak	-	-	weak	-
102-120	:	medium to strong	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	medium to strong	-	weak	weak	weak	-	weak	-

Profile description:

Ap1 0-21 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist), silt loam, structureless porous massive, friable slightly sticky slightly plastic, few fine faint clear mottles (10YR 4/4), common micro very fine continuous tubular pores, very few medium gravel weathered slate fragments, few shells, abrupt smooth boundary to,
Ap2 21-27 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist), silt loam, structureless massive, friable sticky plastic, common fine distinct clear mottles (10YR 5/8), few micro continuous tubular pores, very few medium gravel weathered slate fragments, few shells, abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bg1 27-52 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist), silt loam, weak medium angular blocky, firm slightly sticky slightly plastic, common fine distinct clear mottles (10YR 3/2) and (7.5YR 5/6), common micro very fine continuous exped and inped tubular pores, very few small spherical soft manganiferous concretions, very few medium gravel weathered slate fragments, few shells, clear smooth boundary to,
Bg2 52-65 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist), silty clay loam, moderate medium angular blocky, firm slightly sticky slightly plastic, few fine distinct clear mottles (10YR 3/4), patchy thin clay and sesquioxide cutans, common micro continuous exped and inped tubular pores, very few small spherical soft manganiferous concretions, very few medium gravel weathered slate fragments, few shells, clear smooth boundary to,
Bg3 65-102 cm	brown (10YR 5/3, moist), silty clay, moderate coarse angular blocky, firm sticky plastic, many fine distinct clear mottles (10YR 5/6) and (10YR 3/2), patchy thin clay and sesquioxide cutans, common micro continuous exped and inped tubular pores, frequent small spherical soft ferruginous concretions frequent medium spherical hard manganiferous concretions, very few medium gravel weathered slate fragments, few shells, clear wavy boundary to,
Cr 102-120 cm	dark grey (10YR 4/1, moist), silty clay, structureless porous massive, friable slightly sticky slightly plastic, many medium distinct clear mottles (10YR 5/8) and many fine distinct mottles (N 2/0), few micro continuous tubular pores, very few medium gravel weathered slate fragments, few shells,

The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (1st entry)	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of Accumulation or deposition of parent material (1st entry)	fluvial
Texture of parent material (1st entry)	clayey
Depth1 of lithological boundary	cm
The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (2nd entry)
Texture of parent material (2nd entry)	clayey
Resistance against weathering (solid rock) (2nd entry)
Soil Depth; depth to which roots can easily penetrate throughout the year	100 cm
Remarks on Parent Materials	deltaic deposits

Current land use at the site	arable farming
Major crops	vegetables
Main type of irrigation	seasonally irrigated
Rotation scheme	continuous crop rotation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Landuse: Until 1982 paddy rice was grown

The altitude of the soil profile relative to mean sea level, specified in meters	4 m asl
Regional landform	alluvial plain
Topography of the surrounding country	flat or almost flat
Physiographic Unit in the immediate surrounding of the site	level plain of the Chang Jiang
The slope refers to the inclination of the land immediately surrounding the site. The measured or estimated slope angle is specified to the nearest per cent	0 %
The physiographic position of the site where the profile is located	flat
Form of the slope surrounding the site
Slope Aspect of the site

Depth of groundwater table	50 cm
Groundwater Top	50 cm
Groundwater Bottom	102 cm
Top Stagnating Layer	21 cm
Bottom Stagnating Layer	27 cm
Flooding frequency	irregular
Nature of floodwater	fresh
Estimated permeablity (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Drainage Class	poor

Microrelief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site
Microrelief Height
Rockiness	none
Stoniness	none
Average size of stones
Shape of stones (on average)
Cracks	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Evidence of salt	non-saline
Evidence of alkali	non-alkaline

Soil erosion type (1st entry)
Occurrence of soil aggradation
Slope Stability

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Reference soil China 03: Anthrosol

Characteristics

Reference soil CN003: Anthrosol