Reference soil China 05: Cambisol

CN005

Cambisols occur mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the world, where the soil’s parent material is still young or where low temperatures slow down the processes of soil formation.

Characteristics

Soils having either a cambic horizon (a horizon showing evidence of alteration with respect to the underlying material), or a mollic horizon overlying a subsoil, which has a base saturation of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or one of the following diagnostic horizons within the specified depth: an andic, vertic, or vitric horizon starting between 25 and 100 cm; a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon starting between 50 and 100 cm, in absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons.

Distribution of Cambisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN005: Cambisols

PROFILE DESCRIPTION : Shallow, moderately well drained, clayey soil derived from "purple" shale. The soil colour is uniformly dark reddish brown and strongly related to the colour of the parent rock. Organic carbon content is low. The soil is calcareous and has an alkaline soil reaction throughout. It subangular blocky structure is moderately developed. HYDROLOGY: infiltration is estimated at 1-10 cm/day; coarse dendritic surface drainage, mainly man-controlled by ditches through the paddy fields / GEOLOGICAL FORMATION: Tertiary / SOIL FAUNA: some ants and worms / LAND USE AND HUMAN INFLUENCES: levelling and locally ploughing; cultivated land in the area is used for growing vegetable (soil tillage by hacking and weed control by hand).

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Endoleptic- Cambisol (Calcaric Clayic Chromic)

Calcari-Endoleptic- Cambisol (Chromic)

10-48 cm	cambic horizon
-	continuous rock

0-10 cm	ochric horizon
10-48 cm	cambic horizon
-	continuous hard rock

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Silti-Calcaric Cambisol

Chromic Cambisol

0-10 cm	ochric A horizon
- cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	calcareous

0-10 cm	ochric A horizon
10-48 cm	cambic B horizon

Local classification:	Calcaric purple soil; Purpli-Udic Cambosol
Common name:	Limy brown earth

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Eutrochrept udic fine mixed thermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	0.0	0.1	0.3	2.0	6.8	9.2	10.5	36.4	46.9	43.9
10-25	-	0.1	0.1	0.2	1.4	5.9	7.7	8.9	34.1	43.0	49.5
25-50	-	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.9	4.4	5.4	6.5	42.1	48.6	46.0
50-70	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	1.1	6.0	7.3	15.9	42.9	58.8	34.0

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	43.9
2-7	1.431	-	-	-	-
10-25	-	-	-	-	49.5
17-22	1.518	-	-	-	-
41-47	1.557	-	-	-	-
25-50	-	-	-	-	46.0
50-70	-	-	-	-	34.0

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
2-7	1.431	48.3	46.8	44.2	42.2	41.0	38.1	33.3	30.7
17-22	1.518	44.1	43.7	43.0	39.9	39.3	37.1	37.6	34.6
41-47	1.557	44.4	43.7	42.7	40.5	39.9	38.2	37.9	35.3

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	8.0	6.9	0.22	5.5	0.53	0.07	8	-	-	36.0	1.0	0.4	0.0	37.4
10-25	8.2	6.9	0.22	6.0	0.41	0.06	7	-	-	35.5	1.1	0.4	0.0	37
25-50	8.2	6.5	0.15	3.5	0.23	0.04	6	-	-	34.2	1.6	0.4	0.0	36.2
50-70	8.5	6.9	0.18	8.4	0.08	0.03	3	-	-	37.2	2.2	0.3	0.0	39.7

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	162	23.1	53	1.9	-	-	0
10-25	154	24.0	48	1.4	-	-	0
25-50	150	24.2	53	0.8	-	-	0
50-70	175	22.7	67	0.3	-	-	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	0.10	0.06	1.76	0.14	0.01	0.01	-	0.10
10-25	-	-	-	0.09	0.07	2.07	0.23	0.01	0.01	-	0.12
25-50	-	-	-	0.10	0.08	1.98	0.16	0.00	0.01	-	0.11
50-70	-	-	-	0.06	0.06	1.63	0.15	0.00	0.00	-	0.03

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-10	-	-	-	weak	-	-	weak	-	medium to strong	very weak	medium to strong	-
10-25	-	-	-	weak	-	-	weak	-	medium to strong	very weak	medium to strong	-
25-50	-	-	-	weak	-	-	weak	-	medium to strong	very weak	medium to strong	-
50-70	-	-	-	weak	-	-	weak	-	medium to strong	very weak	medium to strong	-

Profile description

Ap 0-10 cm	(10YR 3.5/4, moist)clay,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,friable,common very fine fine continuous inped tubular pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw1 10-25 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)clay,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,friable,common very fine fine continuous inped tubular pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw2 25-48 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)clay,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable,few fine prominent sharp mottles (10YR 3/1),few very fine continuous inped tubular pores,very few small spherical soft manganiferous concretions,very few coarse gravel strongly weathered shale fragments,clear wavy boundary to,
48-68 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)clay very gravelly,firm,few medium prominent sharp mottles (10YR 3/1),common very fine continuous tubular pores,very few small spherical soft manganiferous concretions,very frequent coarse gravel weathered shale fragments,clear wavy boundary to,
R 68- cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)extremely firm,few medium prominent sharp mottles (10YR 3/1),

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	shale/siltstone
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	Tertiary purple shale
Soil Depth	65cm
Texture of parent material	clayey

Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Soil erosion type (second entry)	rill

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: 100% grasses, mainly cogongrass
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	grassland

Altitude	40m
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	low hill
Slope	10%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-70cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil China 05: Cambisol

Characteristics

Reference soil CN005: Cambisols

Classification