Reference soil China 11: Anthrosol

CN011

Anthrosols occur over large areas in the Far East where growing of paddy rice takes place for centuries, in the Middle East where prolonged irrigation has been practised, and over small areas in western Europe and other parts of the world where long-time fertilization and earth-manuring have profoundly modified existing soils

Characteristics

Soils having either a hortic, irragric, plaggic or terric horizon 50 cm or more thick, or an anthraquic horizon and an underlying hydragric horizon with a combined thickness of 50 cm or more.

Distribution of Anthrosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN011: Anthrosols

PROFILE DESCRIPTION : Deep, well drained, brown silt clay loam, dominantly porous massive structured, with gravelly layers in the deeper subsoil. The topsoil has weak subangular blocky structures and is low in organic carbon. The soil slakes easily after irrigation and the dried-up surface give polygonal cracks (takyric tendency). Soil reaction is slightly alkaline throughout. PARENT MATERIAL: Pleistocene secondary loess with layers of gravelly river deposits in deeper subsoil; gravel is rounded and of different sizes, indicative for breaded riverchannels originating from the nearby mountains / HYDROLOGY: depth of groundwater table is several tens of meters / COLOUR: slight colour difference from B to C1, not detectable with Munsell colour charts / VEGETATION: no natural vegetation left / LAND USE: main crops: wheat (March-June/July), corn (April-July), (pearl)millet (April-September), flax, black corn (?), watermelon, apples. Irrigation is necessary for good yields, generally 3 to 4 applications per year through flooding ("basin" irrigation) of about 10 cm water. Infiltration is rapid. Tillage: ploughing by animal traction, weeding manually. Fertilizers: traditional mixture of loess with sheep/cattle/man urine/dung, nowadays also N and P fertilizers. Yields: wheat (irrigated) 3000-3700 kg/ha (400-450 jin/mu). It can reach 5 ton/ha. Slide nos. of the ISRIC collection: 7531-7547. Thin section nos. of the ISRIC collection: 3283-3285.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Irragric- Anthrosol (Siltic)

Irragric- Anthrosol

0-100 cm	irragric horizon
-	calcaric

0-100 cm

irragric horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Aridi-Cumulic Anthrosol takyric

Calcaric Regosol

0-28 cm	ochric A horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	calcareous

0-28 cm	ochric A horizon
-	takyric features

Local classification:	Cultivated irrigated sierozem; Hapli-Ustic Cambosol
Common name:	Warp soil

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Torrifluvent torric fine-silty mixed frigid

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-28	-	0.5	0.5	0.6	1.1	3.1	5.8	36.6	37.3	73.9	20.3
28-54	-	0.3	0.5	0.7	1.2	2.8	5.5	32.6	40.9	73.5	21.1
54-100	-	0.4	0.8	1.0	1.7	3.3	7.2	34.1	36.8	70.9	21.9
100-110	67	22.7	21.9	10.0	4.2	2.6	61.4	14.7	14.2	28.9	9.6
110-135	1	0.6	1.2	2.3	6.3	6.9	17.3	34.5	31.2	65.7	17.0
135-160	62	19.1	29.4	23.9	9.0	1.7	83.1	5.2	1.0	6.2	10.7

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
6-11	1.344	-	-	-	-
0-28	-	-	-	-	20.3
28-54	-	-	-	-	21.1
45-50	1.246	-	-	-	-
80-85	1.222	-	-	-	-
54-100	-	-	-	-	21.9
100-110	-	-	-	-	9.6
110-135	-	-	-	-	17.0
135-160	-	-	-	-	10.7

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
6-11	1.344	46.9	44.7	40.6	35.5	32.6	29.9	17.9	15.6
45-50	1.246	50.2	49.3	39.9	33.0	29.6	26.3	17.2	15.2
80-85	1.222	51.2	49.7	41.6	34.4	30.5	27.5	16.6	14.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-28	8.2	7.7	0.29	2.4	0.76	0.16	5	-	-	41.1	3.2	0.4	0.2	44.9
28-54	8.3	7.7	0.35	2.7	0.59	0.07	8	-	-	44.8	3.9	0.3	0.1	49.1
54-100	8.1	7.6	0.46	2.0	0.72	0.08	9	-	-	44.8	4.3	0.3	0.1	49.5
100-110	8.2	7.8	0.34	0.6	0.43	0.04	11	-	-	36.3	2.6	0.1	0.3	39.3
110-135	8.1	7.5	0.36	1.0	0.73	0.08	9	-	-	37.1	3.8	0.1	0.2	41.2
135-160	8.2	7.8	0.34	0.3	0.26	0.03	9	-	-	15.5	1.6	0.1	0.0	17.2

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-28	-	8.1	40	2.7	-	-	2
28-54	-	9.0	43	2.1	-	-	1
54-100	-	9.8	45	2.5	-	-	1
100-110	-	5.4	56	1.5	-	-	6
110-135	-	10.3	61	2.6	-	-	2
135-160	-	4.9	46	0.9	-	-	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-28	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	0.80	0.10	-	-	-	0.10
28-54	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	0.90	0.10	-	-	-	0.10
54-100	-	-	-	0.10	0.10	0.90	0.10	-	-	-	0.10
100-110	-	-	-	0.00	0.00	0.70	0.00	-	-	-	0.10
110-135	-	-	-	0.10	0.10	0.90	0.10	-	-	-	0.20
135-160	-	-	-	0.00	0.00	0.70	0.00	-	-	-	0.10

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-28	0.06	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
28-54	0.03	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
54-100	0.01	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
100-110	0.01	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
110-135	0.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
135-160	0.01	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Soluble sands

Depth (cm)	Ca mmol(c)/kg	Mg mmol(c)/kg	K mmol(c)/kg	Na mmol(c)/kg	sum cations mmol(c)/kg	CO3 mmol(c)/kg	HCO3 mmol(c)/kg	Cl mmol(c)/kg	NO3 mmol(c)/kg	SO4 mmol(c)/kg	sum anions mmol(c)/kg
54-100	0.71	0.4	0.0	0.1	1.16	-	0.2	0.08	0.00	0.08	0.31

Depth (cm)	Sodium ads. ratio	pH e	EC e dS/m	EC 1 : 5 dS/m
54-100	1	7.1	2.00	-

Profile description

Ap 0-28 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)silty clay loam,weak fine and medium subangular blocky and weak fine and medium crumb,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine fine pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
B 28-54 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)silty clay loam,weakly coherent porous massive,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine fine pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
C1 54-100 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)silty clay loam,weakly coherent porous massive,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine fine pores,abrupt wavy boundary to,
2C2 100-110 cm	gravelabrupt wavy boundary to,
2C3 110-135 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)silty clay loam,weakly coherent porous massive,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine fine pores,abrupt wavy boundary to,
2C3 110-135 cm	gravel

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	eolian loess
Soil Depth	100cm
Texture of parent material	silty

Major crops	wheat
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	levelling
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	continuously irrigated
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Irrigated for 40 years

Altitude	1900m
Physiographic Unit	intermontane plain
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Depth to groundwater table	999cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-150cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	artificial terracing/mounds
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil China 11: Anthrosol

Characteristics

Reference soil CN011: Anthrosols

Classification