Reference soil China 19: Acrisol

CN019

Acrisols occur dominantly in the wetter parts of the tropics and subtropics and the warm temperate regions in relatively young landscapes.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon), which has a cation exchange capacity of less than 24 cmolc per kg in some part, either starting within 100 cm from the soil surface, or within 200 cm from the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. They have a base saturation (total amount of Ca, Mg, K and Na with respect to the cation exchange capacity) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface

Distribution of Acrisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN019: Acrisols

PROFILE DESCRIPTION : Very deep, well drained, yellowish brown sandy clay derived from granite with a prominent thin dark topsoil. Soil structure is weak subangular blocky, becoming porous massive in the deeper parts. Soil reaction is strongly acid. GENERAL SOIL INFORMATION: CN019 is representative for soils of the central highlands, consisting of middle high mountains, dominantly consisting of granite. The depth of the solumn may vary from shallow to very deep. The underlying granite is nearly always strongly weathered. The first half meter below the A horizon (approx. horizons AB and Bw1) have common coarse old root channels filled with dark topsoil material. The AB horizon is multicoloured. Besides the given matrix colour, frequent patches of A and Bw1 colours occur. VEGETATION: the original forest has been cut over large areas and replaced by secondary forest. However, generally natural grassland (tuffed tall grasses) takes over.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Vetic- Acrisol (Alumic Humic Profondic)

Veti-Humic- Acrisol (Profondic Hyperdystric)

22-200 cm

argic horizon

0-22 cm	ochric horizon
22-200 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Veti-Haplic Acrisol

Ferric Acrisol

0-22 cm	ochric A horizon
22-200 cm	argic B horizon
- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

0-22 cm	ochric A horizon
22-200 cm	argillic B horizon
-	high organic matter content in B horizon

Local classification:	Argillic latored soil; Xanthi-Udic Ferralosol
Common name:	Yellow claypan soil

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Kandiudult
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Paleudult udic clayey kaolinitic isohyperthermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-11	-	7.8	17.4	13.5	11.7	4.4	54.8	2.2	16.0	18.2	26.9
11-22	-	9.4	16.2	11.6	9.4	5.7	52.3	6.7	14.3	21.0	26.8
22-46	-	9.9	14.2	9.5	8.5	3.6	45.7	5.4	14.4	19.8	34.5
46-80	-	8.9	12.9	8.9	7.0	4.4	42.1	2.2	13.4	15.6	42.3
80-140	-	9.8	11.3	8.3	7.5	3.3	40.2	6.0	12.5	18.5	41.4
140-200	-	7.3	11.7	9.2	7.7	5.2	41.1	3.8	14.1	17.9	40.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
10-15	1.233	-	-	-	-
0-11	-	-	-	13.8	26.9
35-40	1.404	-	-	-	-
11-22	-	-	-	15.5	26.8
90-95	1.268	-	-	-	-
22-46	-	-	-	19.9	34.5
46-80	-	-	-	7.4	42.3
80-140	-	-	-	5.5	41.4
140-200	-	-	-	3.0	40.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
10-15	1.233	49.6	48.3	44.8	41.7	40.5	37.8	28.2	20.6
35-40	1.404	44.1	43.7	41.2	39.0	38.4	37.0	32.0	25.1
90-95	1.268	47.1	46.1	44.3	42.2	41.7	40.4	37.0	27.1

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-11	4.6	4.0	0.07	-	2.22	0.16	14	1.5	0.9	0.6	0.3	0.4	0.1	1.4
11-22	4.4	4.0	0.05	-	1.26	0.10	13	1.8	1.4	0.0	0.3	0.2	0.0	0.5
22-46	4.2	3.9	0.03	-	0.61	0.07	9	1.8	1.6	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1
46-80	4.2	4.0	0.03	-	0.62	0.06	10	2.1	1.8	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.3
80-140	4.5	4.1	0.02	-	0.62	0.06	10	1.8	1.4	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.3
140-200	4.3	4.1	0.02	-	0.34	0.04	9	1.7	1.4	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-11	23	6.2	23	7.8	-	15	2
11-22	13	3.9	15	4.4	-	36	0
22-46	3	3.7	11	2.1	-	43	0
46-80	7	4.3	10	2.2	-	42	5
80-140	7	4.1	10	2.2	-	34	0
140-200	9	4.4	11	1.2	-	32	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-11	-	-	-	-	-	1.00	0.20	-	-	-	-
11-22	-	-	-	-	-	1.10	0.20	-	-	-	-
22-46	-	-	-	-	-	1.60	0.30	-	-	-	-
46-80	-	-	-	-	-	1.90	0.40	-	-	-	-
80-140	-	-	-	-	-	2.00	0.40	-	-	-	-
140-200	-	-	-	-	-	2.10	0.40	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-11	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
11-22	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
22-46	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
46-80	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
80-140	-	0.7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
140-200	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-11	weak	-	weak	weak	-	-	very strong	weak	weak	-	-	-
11-22	weak	-	weak	weak	-	-	very strong	weak	weak	-	-	-
22-46	weak	-	weak	weak	-	-	very strong	weak	weak	-	-	-
46-80	weak	-	weak	weak	-	-	very strong	weak	weak	-	-	-
80-140	weak	-	weak	weak	-	-	very strong	weak	weak	-	-	-
140-200	weak	-	weak	weak	-	-	very strong	very weak	weak	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-11 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)sandy clay,weak to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine tubular random pores and common tubular random pores,clear smooth boundary to,
11-22 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)sandy clay,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few fine distinct clear mottles (10YR 5/6) and many fine faint mottles,many fine tubular random pores and few tubular random pores,clear wavy boundary to,
Bw1 22-46 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)sandy clay,weak medium subangular blocky parting to weak fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few fine faint mottles,many fine tubular random pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw2 46-80 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/6, moist)sandy clay,weak medium subangular blocky parting to weak fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine tubular random pores,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bw3 80-140 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay,weak medium subangular blocky parting to weak fine subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine tubular random pores,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bw4 140-200 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay,weakly coherent porous massive,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine tubular random pores,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	coarse-grained acid igneous rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	granite
Soil Depth	250cm
Texture of parent material	sandy clay
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: In places, natural grassland (tuffed tall grasses) takes over
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	semi-deciduous forest

Altitude	770m
Physiographic Unit	Toen-Ling Mountains
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	mountain
Slope	40%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	steeply dissected

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Dry From - To	0-10cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	10-250cm
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil China 19: Acrisol

Characteristics

Reference soil CN019: Acrisols

Classification