Reference soil China 25: Lixisol

CN025

Lixisols occur dominantly in the drier parts of the tropics and subtropics. Their high base status is partly due to less leaching, partly to admixture from airborne dust from adjacent desert regions.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon), which has a cation exchange capacity of less than 24 cmolc per kg in some part, either starting within either: 100 cm from the soil surface, or 200 cm from the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. They have a base saturation (total amount of Ca, Mg, K and Na with respect to the cation exchange capacity) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Lixisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN025: Lixisols

PROFILE DESCRIPTION : Very deep, moderately well drained, dark red to red clay derived from Quaternary red clayey deposits. The topsoil is only 11 cm hick and consists of reworked B material. Organic carbon content is low. The subsoil has very strongly developed angular blocky structures. Soil reaction is acid in the surface layers and strongly acid in the subsoil below 50 cm depth. LAND USE AND HUMAN INFLUENCES: the Bt horizon is now only 11 cm from the surface because of terracing. Slide nos. of the ISRIC colection: 13891-13896 (landscape, profile, profile details).

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Cutanic- Lixisol (Profondic Rhodic)

Rhodi-Profondic- Lixisol

11-200 cm

argic horizon

0-11 cm	ochric horizon
5-65 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Niti-Haplic Lixisol

Ferric Acrisol

0-11 cm	ochric A horizon
11-200 cm	argic B horizon
- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

0-11 cm	ochric A horizon
11-200 cm	argillic B horizon
-	weatherable minerals

Local classification:	Haplic red soil; Argi-Udic Ferrosol
Common name:	Red claypan soil

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Paleudult
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Hapludult udic clayey mixed thermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-11	-	0.8	1.3	2.2	3.8	4.3	12.4	19.8	42.4	62.2	25.6
11-50	-	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.6	2.1	3.4	10.4	33.6	44.0	52.6
50-90	-	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.8	1.8	3.1	10.0	34.0	44.0	52.8
90-145	-	0.2	0.5	0.5	0.8	3.1	5.1	11.1	32.5	43.6	51.4
190-200	-	0.3	0.6	0.5	1.4	4.7	7.5	13.3	32.2	45.5	46.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
5-10	1.234	-	-	-	-
0-11	-	-	-	10.3	25.6
40-45	1.302	-	-	-	-
11-50	-	-	-	1.0	52.6
50-90	-	-	-	2.3	52.8
110-115	1.492	-	-	-	-
90-145	-	-	-	1.5	51.4
190-200	-	-	-	-	46.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
5-10	1.234	46.2	43.3	39.0	34.2	33.5	29.2	21.6	18.8
40-45	1.302	47.2	44.7	41.4	38.4	38.0	36.3	34.8	31.9
110-115	1.492	42.2	42.1	41.1	39.6	39.4	38.1	36.3	31.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-11	5.5	4.7	0.08	-	0.82	0.10	8	0.1	0	5.0	1.3	0.2	0.1	6.6
11-50	5.4	4.5	0.04	-	0.15	0.05	3	0	0	6.2	1.4	0.3	0.0	7.9
50-90	4.8	4.0	0.03	-	0.09	0.05	2	1.5	1.1	4.1	1.4	0.3	0.0	5.8
90-145	4.7	3.9	0.03	-	0.08	0.05	2	2.7	2.3	2.6	1.3	0.2	0.0	4.1
190-200	4.6	3.8	0.02	-	0.03	0.04	1	4.2	3.9	0.4	0.7	0.4	0.0	1.5

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-11	77	8.6	34	2.9	-	0	1
11-50	76	10.4	20	0.5	-	0	0
50-90	58	10.0	19	0.3	-	11	0
90-145	45	9.2	18	0.3	-	25	0
190-200	18	8.3	18	0.1	-	47	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-11	-	-	-	-	-	2.00	0.20	-	-	-	-
11-50	-	-	-	-	-	3.20	0.40	-	-	-	-
50-90	-	-	-	-	-	3.30	0.40	-	-	-	-
90-145	-	-	-	-	-	3.30	0.40	-	-	-	-
190-200	-	-	-	-	-	3.50	0.30	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-11	-	2.4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
11-50	-	1.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
50-90	-	1.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
90-145	-	0.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
190-200	-	0.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-11	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	weak	-	weak
11-50	-	-	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	very weak	-	weak
50-90	-	-	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	very weak	-	weak
90-145	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	very weak	-	weak
190-200	-	-	-	weak	-	-	strong	medium to strong	weak	very weak	-	weak

Profile description

Ap 0-11 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6, moist)clay loam,weak to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky,firm sticky plastic,few fine continuous exped and inped tubular random pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),few pedotubules,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt1 11-90 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6, dry) dark red (2.5YR 3/6, moist)clay,very strong fine angular blocky,very hard very sticky very plastic,continuous moderately thick clay on pedfaces cutans,few fine discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),very few small spherical hard manganiferous concretions,no biological activity,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt2 90-146 cm	(10YR 4/8, dry) red (2.5YR 4/8, moist)clay,very strong fine angular blocky,very hard very sticky very plastic,few medium prominent clear mottles (7.5YR 5/8),continuous moderately thick clay on pedfaces cutans,few fine discontinuous exped and inped tubular random pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),few medium spherical hard manganiferous concretions,no biological activity,
Auger 146-200 cm	red (2.5YR 4/8, moist)clay,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	Red Quaternary clay
Soil Depth	200cm
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	cotton
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	terracing
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	seasonally irrigated
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Terraced 20 years ago, no sufficient water for paddy rice
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	continuous crop rotation

Altitude	30m
Physiographic Unit	summit of broad interfluve
Physiographic position of the site	crest
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	2%
Slope Aspect	south
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	11-146cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium
Wet From To	0-11cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	surface partly slaked, round smooth aggregates
Microrelief Height: variation in height	0
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil China 25: Lixisol

Characteristics

Reference soil CN025: Lixisols

Classification