Reference soil China 36: Luvisol

CN036

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN036: Luvisols

PROFILE DESCRIPTION : Deep, moderately well drained, light brown to yellowish brown silty clay loam derived from loess-like lacustrine deposits overlying red, very gravelly sandy clay loam. The dark yellowish brown to strong brown topsoil shows weakly developed crumb and platy structures and is low in organic carbon. The subsoil dominantly shows strongly developed prismatic and angular blocky structures. Soil reaction is neutral to slightly acid. CLIMATE: climatic data regarding sunshine hours per month: J 171.2 F 185.2 M 234.2 A 271.6 M 248.7 J 271.6 J 215.9 A 277.6 S 242.2 O 215.1 N 164.2 D 154.9 Year 2574.0

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Cutanic- Luvisol (Siltic Chromic)

Cutani-Chromic- Luvisol (Haplic)

17-105 cm

argic horizon

0-17 cm	ochric horizon
17-105 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Silti-Chromic Luvisol

Chromic Luvisol

0-17 cm	ochric A horizon
17-105 cm	argic B horizon
- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

0-17 cm	ochric A horizon
17-105 cm	argillic B horizon

Local classification:	Argillic brown soil; Hapli-Ustic Argosol
Common name:	Brown claypan soil

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Udic Haplustalf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Udic Haplustalf ustic fine-silty mixed mesic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-15	-	3.4	4.1	3.5	2.7	5.6	19.3	33.1	26.1	59.2	21.6
20-30	-	0.7	0.7	0.5	0.5	4.6	7	20.1	37.1	57.2	35.8
35-60	-	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.4	4.8	6.7	27.5	31.7	59.2	34.1
75-100	-	1.3	1.2	0.6	0.5	4.0	7.6	24.8	31.9	56.7	35.6
105-120	-	27.2	14.7	6.5	4.9	2.1	55.4	5.7	9.1	14.8	29.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
20-25	1.445	-	-	-	-
0-15	-	-	-	-	21.6
20-30	-	-	-	-	35.8
55-60	1.475	-	-	-	-
35-60	-	-	-	-	34.1
75-100	-	-	-	-	35.6
105-120	-	-	-	-	29.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
20-25	1.445	42.2	41.3	38.7	35.9	35.6	32.8	29.0	18.9
55-60	1.475	39.9	37.3	34.5	32.5	32.2	29.9	30.2	20.9

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-15	6.5	5.8	0.30	1.0	1.29	0.14	9	-	-	16.0	2.7	0.2	0.3	19.2
20-30	7.3	5.8	0.10	1.0	0.26	0.06	4	-	-	13.4	3.8	0.0	0.4	17.6
35-60	6.5	4.8	0.14	1.0	0.18	0.05	4	-	-	14.4	5.6	0.1	0.3	20.4
75-100	5.9	4.2	0.08	-	0.20	0.04	5	-	-	13.1	5.2	0.1	0.6	19
105-120	5.6	4.3	0.09	-	0.06	0.02	3	-	-	8.8	3.8	0.1	0.4	13.1

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-15	119	16.1	75	4.5	-	-	2
20-30	122	14.4	40	0.9	-	-	3
35-60	124	16.4	48	0.6	-	-	2
75-100	117	16.2	46	0.7	-	-	4
105-120	107	12.2	41	0.2	-	-	3

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-15	-	-	18.3	-	-	-	-	-	-
20-30	-	-	3.8	-	-	-	-	-	-
35-60	-	-	8.4	-	-	-	-	-	-
75-100	-	-	29.2	-	-	-	-	-	-
105-120	-	-	12.6	-	-	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-15	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	weak	-	weak	weak
20-30	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	medium to strong	weak	weak	medium to strong	medium to strong
35-60	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	very weak	medium to strong	medium to strong
75-100	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	weak	medium to strong	medium to strong
105-120	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	very weak	medium to strong	very weak

Profile description

Ap 0-17 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)loam structureless,weakly coherent porous massive and weak fine and medium crumb,slightly very friable,many very fine interstitial pores and many common pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
EB 17-30 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)loam,weakly coherent porous massive parting to weakly coherent fine and medium platy,slightly very friable,patchy thin clay on pedfaces cutans,many very fine interstitial pores and few continuous tubular vertical pores,
Bt1 30-70 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, dry) (7.5YR 6/5, moist)clay loam,moderate to strong medium and coarse prismatic parting to very strong fine and medium angular blocky,slightly hard firm,many coarse clear mottles (7.5YR 4/4),continuous thick clay on pedfaces cutans,many very fine tubular pores,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bt2 70-105 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, dry) (10YR 4/7, moist)clay loam,moderate to strong medium and coarse prismatic parting to very strong fine and medium angular blocky,slightly hard firm,many coarse clear mottles (7.5YR 4/4),continuous thick clay on pedfaces cutans,many very fine tubular pores,clear wavy boundary to,
2C 105-140 cm	(2.5YR 7/8, dry) red (2.5YR 4/8, moist)clay very gravelly,structureless,patchy moderately thick sequioxide on pedfaces cutans,few very fine tubular pores and few interstitial pores,very frequent fine gravel medium angular quartz fragments,

Depth1	105cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	lacustrine sediments
Remarks on Parent Materials	loess-like
Soil Depth	105cm

Major crops	maize
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	continuous crop rotation

Altitude	80m
Physiographic Unit	undulating plain
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	pediplain
Slope	4%
Slope Aspect	south
Form of the slope surrounding the site	concave
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Dry From - To	30-140cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-30cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil China 36: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil CN036: Luvisols

Classification