Reference soil China 37: Luvisol

CN037

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN037: Luvisols

PROFILE DESCRIPTION : Very deep, imperfectly to moderately well drained, brown to light yellowish brown clay loam derived from loess. The soil shows, apart from the obvious clay-sesquioxide cutans in the Bt1 (and to a lesser extent in the Bt2), important whitish quartz silt coatings on pedfaces, especially visible when the soil is dry. The Bt2 and Btg horizons show distinct pressure faces/slickensides. Very few earthworms occur down to 75 cm. Organic carbon content is very high and the soil reaction is acid throughout. PARENT MATERIAL: below the parent material (loess) basaltic material is present at several meters depth / MOISTURE CONDITIONS: as a consequence of rains the profile was nearly saturated with water at the moment of description and sampling / VEGETATION: vegetation at the site of sampling can be described as follows: virgin forest of Korea pine / broadleaved species mixed forest. Main species: Korean pine (Pinus koreaensis), Amur linden (Tilia amuriensis), painted mono maple (Acer mono), Manchurian ash, white elm (Ulmus sp.) and Mongolian wallnut, with locally birch (Betula ermanii) and Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) / CLIMATE: extensive climatic data are also available for Fusongdonggang (some 55 km SW; N 42 06', E 127 34', altitude 774 m a.s.l.). These data have moderate relevance for the profile.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Albic-Cutanic- Luvisol (Greyic Profondic Siltic)

Profondi-Albic- Luvisol (Cutanic)

17-35 cm	albic horizon
35-152 cm	argic horizon

17-35 cm	albic horizon
2-17 cm	ochric horizon
35-152 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Hypoglossi-Albic Luvisol

Albic Luvisol

17-35 cm	albic E horizon
2-17 cm	ochric A horizon
35-152 cm	argic B horizon
- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	albic E horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	interfingering

17-35 cm	albic E horizon
2-17 cm	ochric A horizon
35-152 cm	argillic B horizon
-	interfingering

Local classification:	Haplic dark brown soil; Albi-Boric Argosol

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Glossoboralf ustic fine mixed frigid

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
2-14	-	0.1	1.2	2.2	1.3	0.8	5.6	14.0	47.9	61.9	32.4
20-32	-	0.3	2.5	3.7	2.4	1.1	10	12.0	55.9	67.9	22.0
47-82	-	0.0	0.3	0.8	0.8	0.5	2.4	7.6	36.1	43.7	53.9
97-122	-	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.5	0.4	1.3	6.3	39.9	46.2	52.6
122-152	-	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.5	0.4	1.3	8.9	42.6	51.5	47.2

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
17-22	1.426	-	-	-	-
2-14	-	-	-	9.2	32.4
50-55	1.423	-	-	-	-
20-32	-	-	-	12.5	22.0
47-82	-	-	-	29.0	53.9
97-122	-	-	-	25.6	52.6
122-152	-	-	-	23.0	47.2

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
17-22	1.426	40.9	38.8	37.3	36.3	35.7	34.7	30.1	16.7
50-55	1.423	44.3	44.0	42.7	41.7	41.3	40.6	40.0	33.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
2-14	5.6	4.9	0.26	-	11.31	0.99	11	0.8	0	29.7	5.2	1.2	0.2	36.3
20-32	5.3	3.8	0.02	-	0.42	0.07	6	2.4	2.1	3.7	1.4	0.0	0.1	5.2
47-82	4.9	3.4	0.02	-	0.24	0.04	6	11.4	10.7	11.1	5.7	0.2	0.4	17.4
97-122	5.0	3.5	0.03	-	0.17	0.05	3	7.9	7	13.3	6.8	0.3	0.3	20.7
122-152	5.2	3.5	0.03	-	0.96	0.09	11	5.1	4.6	13.4	6.0	0.2	0.4	20

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
2-14	71	51.0	157	39.6	-	-	0
20-32	49	10.7	49	1.5	-	20	1
47-82	59	29.6	55	0.8	-	36	1
97-122	74	27.9	53	0.6	-	25	1
122-152	65	30.8	65	3.4	-	15	1

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
2-14	-	-	9.6	-	-	-	-	-	-
20-32	-	-	1.2	-	-	-	-	-	-
47-82	-	-	3.5	-	-	-	-	-	-
97-122	-	-	10.3	-	-	-	-	-	-
122-152	-	-	16.9	-	-	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
2-14	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	-	weak	medium to strong	weak
20-32	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	-	weak	weak	medium to strong
47-82	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	-	weak	medium to strong	weak
97-122	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	-	weak	very strong	weak
122-152	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	-	weak	strong	weak

Profile description

O 0-2 cm	leaves slightlyabrupt smooth boundary to,
Ah 2-17 cm	(7.5YR 2/1, moist)silt loam structureless,weak to moderate medium and coarse crumb,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine interstitial pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
E 17-35 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, moist)silt loam structureless,moderately coherent porous massive,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,few coarse distinct diffuse mottles (10YR 5/8),many very fine tubular pores and few tubular pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt1 35-87 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, moist)clay loam structureless,weak very coarse prismatic parting to moderate to strong coarse angular blocky,firm non sticky non plastic,many coarse distinct clear mottles (10YR 6/4) and few coarse distinct mottles (10YR 5/8),continuous thick clay and sesquioxide throughout cutans,common very fine inped tubular pores and few tubular pores,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bt2 87-112 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, moist)clay loam,weak very coarse prismatic parting to moderate to strong coarse angular blocky,firm non sticky non plastic,common coarse distinct clear mottles (10YR 6/4),continuous thick clay and sesquioxide throughout cutans,common very fine inped tubular pores,gradual broken boundary to,
Btg 112-152 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist)clay,strong coarse angular blocky,very firm non sticky non plastic,common medium distinct clear mottles (10YR 5/8),continuous thick clay and sesquioxide throughout cutans,many very fine inped tubular pores,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	eolian loess
Soil Depth	110cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Mixed broad-leaf/coniferous forest
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	primary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	closed forest

Altitude	750m
Physiographic Unit	gently sloping foot of volcano
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	3%
Slope Aspect	north
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Wet From To	0-150cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil China 37: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil CN037: Luvisols

Classification