Reference soil China 40: Phaeozem

CN040

Phaeozems occur all over the world, but especially on the more moist side of the steppe regions, bordering Chernozems.

Characteristics

Soils having a mollic horizon (deep, brownish or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation); a base saturation of 50 percent or more between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; a calcium carbonate-free soil matrix at least to a depth of 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a contrasting layer between 25 and 100 cm; no diagnostic horizons other than an albic, argic, cambic or vertic horizon, or a petrocalcic horizon in the substratum.

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Moderately deep, moderately well drained, dark brown to brown silt loam to silty clay loam derived from silty alluvia. The soil dominantly shows weakly developed crumb structures ove strongly developed angular blocky structures. Organic carbon content is medium and the soil reaction is acid except for the neutral topsoil. Each year the soil is frozen to a depth of 1.5 to 2 m.

Drainage: there is an obvious lateral internal drainage.

Land use: Gaoyuen (name of the village) means fruit garden. The village is inhabited by Han and Korean people. Han people cultivate upland (CN040); Korean people cultivate the valley floors (paddy 1 time/year). Many Koreans have left the village and have hired mostly Han and some Koreans for tilling their paddy. The average size of farm is about 1.2 mu/caput (family 3 - 6 people). Annual income: 500 Y (100 US$) per caput for the Han people, Koreans have in genral 800 Y (US$ 160) per caput. Crops cultivated: maize, soybean, sorghum, potato, sunflower. Crop rotation: 2 times maize, one time soybean. Maize, soybean and sorghum are cash crops (sold to state); potato and sunflower subsistence crops. Only in case of a (small) surplus products are sold on the local market. Yields: maize 6000 kg/ha (800 jin/mu), soybean 3750 kg/ha (500 jin/mu), sorghum 4500 kg/ha (600 jin/mu), potato 6000 kg/ha (800 jin/mu). No mechanization; only man- and ox-power is used. Fertilization: P about 300 kg/ha (40 jin/mu), N (urea) 300 kg/ha (40 jin/mu). No K and manure is used.

WRB 2006:

WRB 1998:

Luvic Greyic Phaeozem(Albic Siltic)

Albi- Luvic Phaeozem(Greyic Siltic)

0-40 cm	mollic horizon
25-55 cm	albic horizon
55-180 cm	argic horizon

0-40 cm	mollic horizon
25-55 cm	albic horizon
55-180 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988:

FAO-UNESCO 1974:

Albi-

Haplic Greyzem

Orthic Greyzem

0-40 cm	mollic A horizon
25-55 cm	albic E horizon
55-180 cm	argic B horizon
	interfingering

0-40 cm	mollic A horizon
25-55 cm	albic E horizon
55-180 cm	argillic B horizon

Other classification

Classification (other)

Luvic chernozem; Hapli-Ustic Isohumosol

Location:

Heilongjiang Province, Gaosheng, Yagou, Acheng County

More images

Physical

Particle size distribution:

Depth (cm)		Gravel (%)	Very Coarse Sand (%)	Coarse Sand (%)	Medium Sand (%)	Fine Sand (%)	Very Fine Sand (%)	Total Sand (%)	Coarse Silt (%)	Fine Silt (%)	Total Silt (%)	Clay (%)
0-20	:	-	0.3	0.7	0.8	0.7	5.3	-	37.4	29.2	66.6	25.6
30-50	:	-	0.0	0.3	0.4	0.2	2.7	-	34.9	42.8	77.7	18.7
60-90	:	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	1.2	-	28.5	33.0	61.5	36.9
110-140	:	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	1.0	-	21.9	40.3	62.2	36.5
200-220	:	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	-	26.8	37.1	63.9	34.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)		Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	pF 0 (% w/v)	pF 1.0 (% w/v)	pF 1.5 (% w/v)	pF 2.0 (% w/v)	pF 2.3 (% w/v)	pF 2.7 (% w/v)	pF 3.4 (% w/v)	pF 4.2 (% w/v)	pF 2.5 (%)
10-15	:	1.342	45.6	43.0	42.4	39.8	37.4	34.3	26.7	17.9	-
35-40	:	1.566	38.2	35.3	33.9	32.3	31.0	29.3	22.7	15.2	-
65-70	:	1.577	38.8	37.1	36.5	35.5	34.7	33.9	33.4	27.4	-

Other physical data

Depth (cm)		Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	Spec. Surf. Area (m2/g)	COLE (cm/cm)	Water Disp. Clay (%)	Clay (%)
0-20	:	-	-	-	9.2	25.6
30-50	:	-	-	-	9.9	18.7
60-90	:	-	-	-	10.5	36.9
110-140	:	-	-	-	3.7	36.5
200-220	:	-	-	-	11.3	34.6

Chemical characteristics

Depth (cm)		pH H2O	pH KCl	EC 1 : 2.5 (mS/cm)	CaCO3 (%)	Org. C (%)	Org. N (%)	C / N	Exch. Acid (cmol/kg)	Exch. Al (cmol/kg)	Ca (cmol/kg)	Mg (cmol/kg)	K (cmol/kg)	Na (cmol/kg)	Sum Cations (cmol/kg)
0-20	:	6.7	6.3	0.11	1.1	1.77	-	-	-	-	20.8	2.4	0.1	0.1	-
30-50	:	5.5	3.9	0.04	-	0.17	-	-	-	-	6.6	1.7	0.1	0.4	-
60-90	:	5.3	3.6	0.03	-	0.27	-	-	-	-	11.6	4.6	0.2	0.6	-
110-140	:	5.2	3.6	0.02	-	0.17	-	-	-	-	14.5	5.6	0.3	0.8	-
200-220	:	5.7	4.1	0.03	-	0.20	-	-	-	-	13.1	4.9	0.3	0.7	-

Depth (cm)		CEC Soil (cmol/kg)	CEC Clay (cmol/kg)	CEC Org (cmol/kg)	ECEC (cmol/kg)	Base sat. (%)	Al sat. (%)	ESP (%)
0-20	:	20.4	-	6.2	-	-	-	0
30-50	:	10.5	-	0.6	-	-	-	4
60-90	:	21.0	-	0.9	-	-	-	3
110-140	:	21.2	-	0.6	-	-	-	4
200-220	:	21.9	-	0.7	-	-	-	3

Depth (cm)		P Olsen (mg/kg)	P Bray (mg/kg)	pH CaCl2	CaSO4.2H2O (%)
0-20	:	22.1	-	-	-
30-50	:	16.6	-	-	-
60-90	:	20.2	-	-	-
110-140	:	39.1	-	-	-
200-220	:	36.8	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)		Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Vermiculite	Chlorite	Smec	Halloysite	Mixed layer	Quar	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Hematite
0-20	:	weak	weak	-	weak	medium to strong	-	-	weak	-	-	-	-
30-50	:	weak	weak	-	medium to strong	weak	-	-	weak	-	-	-	-
60-90	:	weak	weak	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	-	-	weak	-	-	-	-
110-140	:	weak	weak	-	weak	strong	-	-	weak	-	-	-	-
200-220	:	weak	weak	-	weak	strong	-	-	weak	-	-	-	-

Profile description:

Ap 0-25 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/2, dry) very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2, moist), silt loam, weakly coherent parting to weak fine crumb, loose, common many very fine tubular pores and common many interstitial pores, abrupt smooth boundary to,
Ah 25-40 cm	(7.5YR 3/3, moist), silt loam, weak fine crumb, loose, common many very fine tubular pores and common many interstitial pores, clear broken boundary to,
E 25-55 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, moist), silt loam, weak to moderate medium crumb and moderate fine angular blocky, very friable, very fine fine faint diffuse mottles (10YR 5/6), common many very fine tubular pores and common many interstitial pores, abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bt1 55-100 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, dry) (dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist), silty clay loam, very weak very coarse prismatic parting to strong medium angular blocky, firm, very fine fine faint diffuse mottles (10YR 5/6) and many coarse distinct mottles (10YR 6/3), continuous thick clay and humus on horizontal and vertical pedfaces cutans, many very fine tubular pores and very fine coarse continuous inped tubular vertical pores, diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bt2 100-180 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist), silty clay loam, moderate to strong medium and coarse angular blocky parting to strong fine angular blocky, firm, many coarse distinct clear mottles (10YR 6/3.5), continuous thick clay and humus on horizontal and vertical pedfaces cutans, many very fine tubular pores and very fine coarse continuous inped tubular vertical pores,
cm	silty clay,

The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (1st entry)	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of Accumulation or deposition of parent material (1st entry)	fluvial
Texture of parent material (1st entry)	loamy
Remarks on Parent Materials	fluvio-limnic

Soil erosion type (1st entry)	sheet
Intensity of the soil erosion type (1st entry)	slight
Occurrence of soil aggradation	not apparent
Slope Stability	stable

Current land use at the site	low level arable farming
Major crops	maize
Main type of irrigation	no irrigation
Rotation scheme	continuous crop rotation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Vegetation: see additional remarks

The altitude of the soil profile relative to mean sea level, specified in meters	200 m asl
Regional landform	alluvial terrace
Topography of the surrounding country	hilly
Physiographic Unit in the immediate surrounding of the site	slightly sloping terrace
The slope refers to the inclination of the land immediately surrounding the site. The measured or estimated slope angle is specified to the nearest per cent	2 %
The physiographic position of the site where the profile is located	flat

Kind of groundwater table	no groundwater table observed
Top Stagnating Layer	180 cm
Bottom Stagnating Layer	0 cm
Runoff	medium
Flooding frequency	never
Drainage Class	moderately well

Rockiness	none
Stoniness	none
Cracks	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost	surface slaked; sorted sand/silt, some clay films
Evidence of salt	non-saline
Evidence of alkali	non-alkaline

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Reference soil China 40: Phaeozem

Characteristics