Reference soil China 41: Phaeozem

CN041

Phaeozems occur all over the world, but especially on the more moist side of the steppe regions, bordering Chernozems.

Characteristics

Soils having a mollic horizon (deep, brownish or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation); a base saturation of 50 percent or more between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; a calcium carbonate-free soil matrix at least to a depth of 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a contrasting layer between 25 and 100 cm; no diagnostic horizons other than an albic, argic, cambic or vertic horizon, or a petrocalcic horizon in the substratum.

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN041: Phaeozems

PROFILE DESCRIPTION : Very deep, well drained, very dark brown to dark brown silty clay loam derived from loess. The soil has dominantly a weakly to moderately developed crumb structure and a medium content in organic carbon. Soil reaction is neutral throughout. LAND USE: crops are maize (7.5 ton/ha), soybean (3 ton/ha), sorghum (7.5 ton/ha); these are cash crops sold to the state. Subsistence crops mainly comprise potato (3.5 ton/ha) and millet (3 ton/ha). Only small quantities of these crops are sold on the local market. The village has only upland soils (no paddy fields). Fertilizers applied are P (100 kg/ha) and N (urea, 150 kg/ha for maize). K has been used by some farmers for a few years, resulting in higher yields. Only small quantities of manure are applied. Level of mechanization is rather low, ploughing and seeding is done mechanically (tractors are village-owned). Few families have a small private tractor. Farmsize is about 0.2 ha (3.5 mu) per capita, which means 0.9 - 1.2 ha (14 - 18 mu per family of 4 to 5 people). Average annual income is about 2000 Y (US$ 400) netto per family / CLIMATE: absolute maximum temperature recorded for Harbin is 37.5 C; absolute minimum -39.3 C. Additional climatic data are available for the weather station of Suihu (46 37 N/126 58 E; 180 m a.s.l.; 65 km NW of site; relevance moderate) / SOIL: A/C horizon has two matrix colours: 10YR 3/3 and 10YR 2/1.5, both moist.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Vermic- Phaeozem (Pachic Siltic)

Silti-Pachic- Phaeozem (Vermic)

0-110 cm

mollic horizon

0-110 cm

mollic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Pachi-Haplic Phaeozem

Haplic Phaeozem

0-110 cm	mollic A horizon
- cm	mollic A horizon

0-110 cm

mollic A horizon

Local classification:	Luvic chernozem; Pachi-Ustic Isohumosol
Common name:	Black earth

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Haploboroll ustic fine montmorillonitic frigid

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-25	-	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.3	7.1	8	28.0	26.2	54.2	37.9
35-65	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	6.3	6.6	31.9	20.8	52.7	40.8
75-105	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	3.7	4	30.1	29.4	59.5	36.3
120-150	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	1.8	2.1	30.3	37.9	68.2	29.8

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
15-20	1.302	-	-	-	-
0-25	-	-	-	-	37.9
35-65	-	-	-	-	40.8
55-60	1.231	-	-	-	-
75-105	-	-	-	-	36.3
90-95	1.405	-	-	-	-
120-150	-	-	-	-	29.8

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
15-20	1.302	46.0	42.2	41.1	38.3	36.2	34.3	31.1	25.3
55-60	1.231	49.9	44.3	42.2	38.1	35.3	33.4	29.9	22.6
90-95	1.405	44.8	42.3	41.1	38.4	36.3	34.6	31.7	23.3

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-25	6.5	5.5	0.13	1.3	1.67	0.16	10	-	-	23.7	6.6	0.6	0.4	31.3
35-65	6.6	5.3	0.05	0.7	1.25	0.10	13	-	-	23.3	6.3	0.3	0.2	30.1
75-105	6.5	4.9	0.01	0.7	0.58	0.06	10	-	-	20.1	6.0	0.3	0.5	26.9
120-150	6.0	4.6	0.08	-	0.31	0.04	8	-	-	18.6	4.9	0.3	0.4	24.2

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-25	122	25.6	68	5.8	-	-	2
35-65	94	32.0	78	4.4	-	-	1
75-105	105	25.7	71	2.0	-	-	2
120-150	112	21.6	72	1.1	-	-	2

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-25	-	-	34.6	-	-	-	-	-	-
35-65	-	-	7.5	-	-	-	-	-	-
75-105	-	-	12.4	-	-	-	-	-	-
120-150	-	-	16.7	-	-	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-25	weak	very weak	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	-	weak	very strong	-
35-65	weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	-	very weak	very strong	-
75-105	weak	very weak	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	-	very weak	strong	-
120-150	weak	very weak	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	-	very weak	very strong	-

Profile description

Ap 0-30 cm	(10YR 4.5/1, dry) black (10YR 2/1, moist)silt loam,very weak massive parting to weak to moderate fine crumb,slightly hard friable,many very fine tubular pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Ah 30-70 cm	(10YR 2/1.5, moist)silty clay loam,very weak massive parting to weak to moderate fine crumb,slightly hard friable,few coarse prominent clear mottles (7.5YR 4/3),many very fine tubular pores and very fine continuous tubular vertical pores,frequent krotovinas and worm channels,gradual wavy boundary to,
A/C 70-110 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)silty clay loam,weak massive parting to weak to moderate medium subangular and angular blocky,slightly hard friable,common coarse distinct diffuse mottles (7.5YR 4/4),patchy thin clay and humus cutans,many very fine tubular pores and very fine coarse continuous tubular vertical pores,frequent krotovinas,diffuse smooth boundary to,
C 110-160 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)silty clay loam,weak massive parting to weak to moderate medium and coarse subangular and angular blocky,slightly hard friable,common coarse distinct diffuse mottles (10YR 3/3),thin slickensides clay and humus cutans,many very fine tubular pores and very fine coarse continuous tubular vertical pores,few krotovinas,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	eolian loess
Soil Depth	150cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Major crops	potatoes
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: see additional remarks
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	continuous crop rotation

Altitude	150m
Physiographic Unit	nearly flat, plateau-like terr
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial terrace
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-160cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Estimated run off (class)	slow

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	surface partly slaked, round smooth aggregates
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil China 41: Phaeozem

Characteristics

Reference soil CN041: Phaeozems

Classification