Reference soil China 45: Cambisol

CN045

Cambisols occur mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the world, where the soil’s parent material is still young or where low temperatures slow down the processes of soil formation.

Characteristics

Soils having either a cambic horizon (a horizon showing evidence of alteration with respect to the underlying material), or a mollic horizon overlying a subsoil, which has a base saturation of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or one of the following diagnostic horizons within the specified depth: an andic, vertic, or vitric horizon starting between 25 and 100 cm; a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon starting between 50 and 100 cm, in absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons.

Distribution of Cambisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN045: Cambisols

PROFILE DESCRIPTION : Moderately deep, well drained, dark red clay developed from solid rock derived from granite. GENERAL LANDFORM/PARENT MATERIAL: within the broad valley of the Yuan Jiang river different terraces are found at various levels. Partly they are composed of alluvial materials and for the other part consist of granite, which is also the parent material of the nearby bordering mountains. Both materials lead to the formation of dry red soils. The actual river streams at a lower level at about 1 km (?) from the profile site / EROSION/SOIL DEPTH: On lower parts of the terrace hills the red soils are more eroded and as a consequence more shallow.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Ferralic-Endoleptic- Cambisol (Skeletic Clayic Rhodic)

Ferrali-Endoleptic- Cambisol (Skeletic Rhodic)

17-55 cm	cambic horizon
-	ferralic
-	continuous rock

0-17 cm	ochric horizon
17-55 cm	cambic horizon
-	ferralic
-	continuous hard rock

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Rupti-Ferralic Cambisol rudic

Ferralic Cambisol stony

0-17 cm	ochric A horizon
17-55 cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	ferralic

0-17 cm	ochric A horizon
17-55 cm	cambic B horizon
-	ferralic

Local classification:	Haplic dry red soil; Hapli-Ustic Ferrosol
Common name:	Stony red clay

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Eutrochrept ustic clayey-skeletal kaolinitic hyperthermic

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-17	-	4.4	5.5	5.8	9.0	7.1	31.8	7.4	9.4	16.8	51.3
17-40	-	3.0	4.2	5.2	6.8	6.6	25.8	7.6	7.3	14.9	59.3
40-55	-	6.3	5.6	5.5	7.3	5.8	30.5	7.9	9.1	17.0	52.5
55-80	-	11.6	10.8	8.4	8.5	7.4	46.7	5.8	9.6	15.4	38.0

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-17	1.103	-	-	27.2	51.3
17-40	1.353	-	-	33.9	59.3
40-55	1.389	-	-	32.0	52.5
55-80	-	-	-	25.1	38.0

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-17	1.103	45.1	41.4	37.1	33.4	30.4	27.8	22.0	16.7
17-40	1.353	45.1	44.5	39.1	35.9	34.0	31.9	30.5	26.0
40-55	1.389	43.4	42.2	36.8	33.1	31.4	29.8	26.9	23.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-17	6.2	4.8	0.04	-	1.41	0.13	11	-	-	10.2	2.7	0.7	0.3	13.9
17-40	6.4	4.7	0.03	-	0.58	0.07	8	-	-	10.3	2.8	0.4	0.4	13.9
40-55	7.4	4.9	0.04	0.3	0.52	0.06	9	-	-	10.8	2.4	0.4	0.1	13.7
55-80	7.2	5.0	0.04	0.0	0.41	0.04	10	-	-	9.8	2.4	0.4	0.4	13

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-17	105	13.2	26	4.9	-	-	2
17-40	101	13.7	23	2.0	-	-	3
40-55	100	13.7	26	1.8	-	-	1
55-80	107	12.1	32	1.4	-	-	3

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-17	-	1.8	2.5	-	-	-	-	-	-
17-40	-	0.0	0.6	-	-	-	-	-	-
40-55	-	0.0	1.9	-	-	-	-	-	-
55-80	-	0.7	4.9	-	-	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-17	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	medium to strong	weak	-	weak	-
17-40	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	medium to strong	weak	-	weak	-
40-55	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	medium to strong	weak	-	weak	-
55-80	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	medium to strong	weak	-	weak	-

Profile description

Ap 0-17 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry)clay very gravelly,moderate to strong fine and medium angular blocky and moderate to strong fine and medium granular,very hard,many very fine inped tubular pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent fine gravel fresh granite fragments,abrupt smooth boundary to,
B 17-40 cm	dark red (2.5YR 3/6, dry)clay very gravelly,moderate to strong fine and medium angular blocky,hard,common fine faint clear mottles (2.5YR 4/8),common very fine inped tubular pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent fine gravel fresh granite fragments,clear irregular boundary to,
40-55 cm	dark red (2.5YR 3/6, dry)clay gravel,weak fine angular blocky,hard,common very fine inped tubular pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),very frequent fine gravel fresh granite fragments,clear irregular boundary to,
C 55-80 cm	red (2.5YR 4/8, dry)sandy clay stones,abrupt broken boundary to,

Depth1	55cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	coarse-grained acid igneous rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	depth granite varies
Soil Depth	55cm
Texture of parent material	stony
Texture of parent material (second entry)	stony
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	slightly

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Soil erosion type (second entry)	rill
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	sugar cane
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	medium level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Rainfed sugarcane standing for 3 years
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	monoculture

Altitude	380m
Physiographic Unit	hill within river valley
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	valley
Slope	3%
Slope Aspect	north-west
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Dry From - To	0-55cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated run off (class)	rapid

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Average size of stone	3
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Microrelief Height: variation in height	20
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	ripples
Microrelief pattern	linear
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	little rocky
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Shape of stones (on average)	angular blocky
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	very stony

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Reference soil China 45: Cambisol

Characteristics

Reference soil CN045: Cambisols

Classification