Reference soil China 51: Anthrosol

CN051

Anthrosols occur over large areas in the Far East where growing of paddy rice takes place for centuries, in the Middle East where prolonged irrigation has been practised, and over small areas in western Europe and other parts of the world where long-time fertilization and earth-manuring have profoundly modified existing soils

Characteristics

Soils having either a hortic, irragric, plaggic or terric horizon 50 cm or more thick, or an anthraquic horizon and an underlying hydragric horizon with a combined thickness of 50 cm or more.

Distribution of Anthrosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN051: Anthrosols

PROFILE DESCRIPTION : Deep, very poorly drained, reddish brown silty clay to silt loam developed from alluvium and colluvium derived from sandstone/shale. The soil has a puddled, structureless topsoil and a prismatic structure in the subsurface horizons where also iron and manganese concretions occur. The soil was completely reduced at the time of description but does not show mottling or clear hydromorphic properties. LAND USE: Due to the lack of sufficient water rice cannot be irrigated continuously and soybeans are sown as an emergency crop.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Stagnic-Hydragric- Anthrosol (Hypereutric Siltic)

Stagni-Hydragric- Anthrosol

0-20 cm	anthraquic horizon
20-105 cm	hydragric horizon
-	reducing conditions
-	stagnic colour pattern

0-20 cm	anthraquic horizon
20-105 cm	hydragric horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Calcari-Gleyic Cambisol anthraquic

Gleyic Cambisol

0-20 cm	ochric A horizon
20-105 cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	calcareous
-	stagnic

0-20 cm	ochric A horizon
20-105 cm	cambic B horizon
-	hydromorphic

Local classification:	Calcic purple soil; Hapli-Udic Cambosol
Common name:	Paddy soil, silty alluvium

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Eutrochrept udic fine-silty mixed thermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
105-105	-	1.5	1.5	1.6	3.2	15.6	23.4	24.2	27.0	51.2	25.2
0-20	-	1.7	1.8	1.8	2.1	4.9	12.3	9.7	33.4	43.1	45.3
20-55	-	1.4	1.5	1.6	2.5	11.5	18.5	16.9	29.9	46.8	34.7
55-105	-	1.7	1.7	1.8	2.9	9.0	24.8	26.3	38.9	65.2	25.1
105-	-	1.6	1.8	2.1	3.6	14.6	23.7	22.3	25.9	48.2	28.1

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
105-105	-	-	-	12.5	25.2
0-20	-	-	-	23.9	45.3
20-55	1.441	-	-	14.4	34.7
55-105	-	-	-	14.8	25.1
105-	-	-	-	18.8	28.1

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
20-55	1.441	49.9	49.7	49.1	48.1	46.8	44.2	32.8	29.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
105-105	8.2	7.2	0.13	9.4	0.19	0.05	4	-	-	42.6	1.7	0.3	0.1	44.7
0-20	8.2	7.1	0.36	9.4	1.07	0.14	9	-	-	49.0	2.4	0.5	0.2	52
20-55	8.2	7.1	0.18	8.7	0.44	0.10	6	-	-	45.2	1.7	0.4	0.1	47.4
55-105	8.7	7.2	0.14	9.6	0.33	0.06	6	-	-	43.8	1.7	0.3	0.2	46
105-	8.7	7.2	0.12	9.8	0.22	0.06	4	-	-	38.3	1.6	0.2	0.2	40.3

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
105-105	-	16.8	67	0.7	-	-	1
0-20	226	24.6	54	3.7	-	-	0
20-55	247	19.2	55	1.5	-	-	1
55-105	239	17.4	92	1.2	-	-	1
105-	240	16.8	60	0.8	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
105-105	-	1.8	0.6	-	-	-	-	-	-
0-20	-	9.4	22.9	-	-	-	-	-	-
20-55	-	7.0	4.8	-	-	-	-	-	-
55-105	-	0.0	9.1	-	-	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
105-105	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	weak	-	weak	weak	medium to strong	weak
0-20	-	weak	-	-	-	-	weak	-	weak	weak	medium to strong	weak
20-55	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	weak	-	weak	very weak to weak	medium to strong	weak
55-105	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	weak	-	weak	weak	medium to strong	weak

Profile description

Ap 0-20 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)silty clay,strongly coherent,slightly sticky plastic,no pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Br1 20-55 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)silty clay loam,strong coarse prismatic,non sticky plastic,thin humus in root channels and pores cutans,many very fine inped pores and many inped pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent small hard manganiferous concretions few small soft calcareous concretions,few channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
Br2 55-105 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)silt loam,strong coarse prismatic,non sticky plastic,thin humus in root channels and pores cutans,many very fine inped pores and many inped pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent small hard manganiferous concretions few small soft calcareous concretions,few channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
C 105- cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)silt loam,moderate medium wedge-shaped angular blocky,slightly sticky slightly plastic,thin humus in root channels and pores cutans,few very fine inped pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few small hard manganiferous concretions few small soft calcareous concretions,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sandstone/shale
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	sandstone/shale
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	colluvial
Soil Depth	105cm
Texture of parent material	mixed
Texture of parent material (second entry)	mixed

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	rice
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	terracing
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	seasonally irrigated
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Paddy intercropped with soybeans
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop rotation scheme not relevant

Altitude	392m
Physiographic Unit	Valley bottom, low hill lands.
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	valley
Slope	0%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	hilly

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	20cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	very poor
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	irregular
Nature of flood water	fresh
Depth to groundwater table	10cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	flooded
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	ponded
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	poor
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	0cm
Wet From To	0-120cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil China 51: Anthrosol

Characteristics

Reference soil CN051: Anthrosols

Classification