Reference soil Colombia 06: Alisol

CO006

Alisols occur in the tropics and subtropics, and in the warm temperate regions of the world in relatively young landscapes. The high level of exchangeable aluminium in these soils is caused by rapid weathering of secondary high-activity clays such as vermiculite and smectite.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon), which has a cation exchange capacity of 24 cmolc per kg clay or more, and which starts either within 100 cm from the soil surface, or within 200 cm from the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. They have "alic" properties (high content of exchangeable aluminium) in the major part between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; moreover, only such diagnostic horizons as an ochric, albic, andic, ferric, nitic, plinthic, or vertic horizon are present.

Distribution of Alisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CO006: Alisols

PARENT MATERIAL: Tertiary unconsolidated sedimentary and volcanic rock. VEGETATION AND LAND USE: Tropical rainforest (bosque bajo, poco desarrollado sobre terrases con mal drenaje, presencia de cauces abandonados, sotobosque muy denso con abundancia de palmas, PRORADAM, 1979); at the end of the trail an area of about 100 ha has been cleared for cultivation. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Bw2 - concretions: lithorelicts. BC1 - concretions: lithorelicts.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Cutanic- Alisol (Alumic Humic Profondic)

Cutani-Profondic- Luvisol (Hyperdystric)

11-70 cm

argic horizon

0-29 cm	ochric horizon
11-70 cm	argic horizon
-	strongly humic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Haplic Alisol

Dystric Nitosol

0-29 cm	ochric A horizon
10-70 cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

0-29 cm	ochric A horizon
11-150 cm	argillic B horizon

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Typic Hapludult

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-11	-	0.5	3.6	19.9	32.3	10.6	66.9	9.9	7.8	17.7	15.5
11-29	-	0.3	2.3	13.0	25.5	12.3	53.4	9.7	12.5	22.2	24.3
29-50	-	0.4	2.1	11.5	23.7	11.6	49.3	11.3	9.4	20.7	30.0
50-70	-	0.3	2.1	11.6	23.6	11.2	48.8	14.0	6.8	20.8	30.4
70-100	-	0.5	2.2	12.1	24.2	11.1	50.1	10.8	8.4	19.2	30.8
100-125	-	0.3	2.0	12.1	22.4	10.7	47.5	8.3	7.1	15.4	37.2
125-150	-	0.3	1.9	11.0	21.0	8.9	43.1	9.2	8.2	17.4	39.5

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-11	-	-	-	4.6	15.5
2-10	1.110	-	-	-	-
11-29	-	-	-	6.5	24.3
28-34	1.240	-	-	-	-
29-50	-	-	-	8.7	30.0
75-82	1.420	-	-	-	-
50-70	-	-	-	2.6	30.4
117-123	1.420	-	-	-	-
70-100	-	-	-	0.0	30.8
100-125	-	-	-	0.3	37.2
125-150	-	-	-	0.0	39.5

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
2-10	1.110	56.7	52.5	48.7	44.4	42.4	40.6	29.7	24.4
28-34	1.240	50.5	47.9	44.9	40.9	39.1	38.3	31.9	28.1
75-82	1.420	45.9	44.1	42.8	40.6	39.1	38.3	32.7	29.9
117-123	1.420	48.0	46.8	45.9	44.4	42.8	42.3	38.7	35.1

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-11	3.7	3.2	0.25	-	4.83	0.35	14	3.3	2.0	0.0	0.5	0.2	0.0	0.7
11-29	4.4	4.0	0.09	-	1.24	0.09	14	3.2	2.9	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.5
29-50	4.7	4.1	0.07	-	0.58	0.06	10	2.5	2.4	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3
50-70	4.6	4.0	0.05	-	0.37	0.05	7	2.6	2.4	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.6
70-100	4.4	4.0	0.07	-	0.25	0.03	8	3.2	2.9	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3
100-125	4.4	4.0	0.08	-	0.19	0.02	10	3.4	3.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3
125-150	4.4	3.9	0.17	-	0.19	0.03	6	3.8	3.5	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.2

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-11	4	17.2	111	16.9	-	12	0
11-29	4	11.9	49	4.3	-	24	2
29-50	3	10.6	35	2.0	-	23	1
50-70	6	9.9	33	1.3	-	24	3
70-100	3	10.5	34	0.9	-	28	1
100-125	3	10.1	27	0.7	-	30	1
125-150	2	10.7	27	0.7	-	33	1

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-11	-	-	-	0.09	0.00	0.38	0.15	0.04	0.10	-	0.20
11-29	-	-	-	0.18	0.01	0.61	0.29	0.39	0.20	-	0.31
29-50	-	-	-	0.18	0.01	0.69	0.26	0.36	0.16	-	0.29
50-70	-	-	-	0.17	0.01	0.70	0.26	0.34	0.15	-	0.21
70-100	-	-	-	0.12	0.02	0.78	0.21	0.17	0.10	-	0.10
100-125	-	-	-	0.11	0.02	0.80	0.23	0.08	0.08	-	0.08
125-150	-	-	-	0.12	0.02	0.79	0.20	0.05	0.08	-	0.08

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-11	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	-	medium to strong	-	-	-
11-29	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	-	medium to strong	-	-	-
29-50	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	-	weak	-	-	-
50-70	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	-	medium to strong	-	-	-
70-100	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	very strong	-	medium to strong	-	-	-
100-125	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	very strong	-	medium to strong	-	-	-
125-150	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	-	medium to strong	-	-	-

Rare clay minerals

Depth (cm)	Amphibole	Augite	Calcite	Lepidococrite	Pyrophillite	Pyroxene	Weddelite
0-11	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-
11-29	-	-	-	-	very weak	-	-
29-50	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-
50-70	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-
70-100	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-
100-125	-	-	-	-	very weak	-	-
125-150	-	-	-	-	very weak	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-11 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)sandy clay,weak fine subangular blocky,hard friable non sticky non plastic,few fine faint diffuse mottles (7.5 YR 5/8),common fine pores and common pores,gradual wavy boundary to,
AB(E) 11-29 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/6, moist)sandy clay,weak fine subangular blocky to porous massive,hard friable non sticky non plastic,common pores,gradual wavy boundary to,
BA(E) 29-50 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/8, moist)clay,weak fine subangular blocky to porous massive,hard friable non sticky non plastic,patchy thin clay cutans,common pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw1 50-70 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay,weak fine subangular blocky to porous massive,hard friable non sticky plastic,patchy thin clay cutans,common pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw2 70-100 cm	reddish yellow (5YR 6/8, moist)clay,porous massive,hard friable sticky very plastic,common pores,few small soft concretions,gradual smooth boundary to,
BC1 100-125 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/8, moist)clay,porous massive,very hard firm sticky very plastic,very few small soft concretions,
BC2 125-150 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/8, moist)clay,porous massive,hard firm sticky very plastic,few medium distinct clear mottles (10 YR 7/2),few weathered fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	igneous and sedimentary rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	unconsolidated, unspecified
Remarks on Parent Materials	Tertiary unconsolidated sedimentary and volcanic rock
Texture of parent material	clayey

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Tropical rainforest (bosque bajo, poco desarrollado sobre terrases con mal drenaje, presencia de cauces abandonados, sotobosque muy denso con abundancia de palmas) LANDUSE: Nearby about 100 ha has been cleared for cultivation
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	250m
Physiographic Unit	moderately dissected plain
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	4%
Slope Aspect	north
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Moist From - To	0-150cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	slow

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline

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Reference soil Colombia 06: Alisol

Characteristics

Reference soil CO006: Alisols

Classification