Reference soil Colombia 18: Acrisol

CO018

Acrisols occur dominantly in the wetter parts of the tropics and subtropics and the warm temperate regions in relatively young landscapes.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon), which has a cation exchange capacity of less than 24 cmolc per kg in some part, either starting within 100 cm from the soil surface, or within 200 cm from the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. They have a base saturation (total amount of Ca, Mg, K and Na with respect to the cation exchange capacity) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface

Distribution of Acrisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CO018: Acrisols

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Ah - also many coarse roots; BC - from 105-110 cm in places gravelly sandy clay loam; C2 - 10R4/8, 2.5YR5/8, 7.5YR5/8 and 10YR7/2.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Haplic- Acrisol (Alumic)

Alumic- Acrisol

35-145 cm

argic horizon

0-35 cm	ochric horizon
35-145 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Ferrali-Haplic Acrisol

Xanthic Ferralsol

0-35 cm	ochric A horizon
35-145 cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	ferralic

0-59 cm	ochric A horizon
35-145 cm	oxic B horizon

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Inceptic Haplustox
USDA-SCS (1975)	Inceptic Haplorthox udic loamy kaolinitic hyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	0.2	5.0	26.5	33.1	10.3	75.1	7.9	5.9	13.8	11.1
5-15	-	0.1	3.6	22.2	32.0	11.2	69.1	9.4	6.6	16.0	14.9
15-35	-	0.5	3.1	16.2	30.8	11.5	62.1	11.5	7.2	18.7	19.2
35-59	-	0.7	2.4	13.2	29.8	12.8	58.9	10.5	7.0	17.5	23.6
59-86	-	0.6	1.9	10.6	29.7	14.0	56.8	10.2	7.7	17.9	25.4
86-112	-	0.5	1.7	10.0	28.2	15.2	55.6	11.7	7.5	19.2	25.2
112-145	-	0.3	1.4	9.6	26.0	15.6	52.9	10.6	8.0	18.6	28.4
145-180	-	0.3	2.9	14.5	27.0	13.5	58.2	8.9	8.6	17.5	24.3
180-200	-	0.3	1.7	7.2	12.3	10.7	32.2	12.4	13.6	26.0	41.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	-	-	3.9	11.1
5-15	1.250	23	-	7.5	14.9
15-35	1.380	29	-	13.3	19.2
35-59	1.550	35	-	18.6	23.6
59-86	1.560	34	-	14.6	25.4
95-110	1.600	-	-	-	-
86-112	-	37	-	3.5	25.2
112-145	-	39	-	2.0	28.4
145-180	-	-	-	1.5	24.3
180-200	-	-	-	5.0	41.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
5-15	1.250	44.0	42.0	31.0	21.0	18.0	16.0	10.0	9.0
15-35	1.380	42.0	41.0	33.0	23.0	19.0	16.0	15.0	13.0
35-59	1.550	39.0	39.0	36.0	28.0	25.0	23.0	17.0	15.0
59-86	1.560	38.0	38.0	35.0	28.0	25.0	23.0	17.0	15.0
95-110	1.600	36.0	36.0	33.0	28.0	26.0	24.0	18.0	16.0

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-5	4.1	3.7	0.34	-	1.60	0.45	4	1.5	1.3	0.4	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.7
5-15	4.0	3.9	0.19	-	0.76	0.25	3	2.1	2.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1
15-35	4.3	3.9	0.07	-	0.61	0.10	6	2.3	2.2	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.2
35-59	4.5	3.9	0.04	-	0.37	0.04	9	2.6	2.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1
59-86	4.5	3.9	0.04	-	0.29	-	-	2.6	2.4	0.6	0.1	0.2	0.1	1.0
86-112	4.6	3.9	0.04	-	0.18	-	-	2.5	2.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
112-145	4.7	4.0	0.03	-	0.19	-	-	2.5	2.5	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1
145-180	4.6	3.9	0.02	-	0.10	-	-	2.7	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
180-200	4.8	4.3	0.04	-	0.09	-	-	0.7	0.6	0.4	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.5

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-5	14	5.1	46	5.6	-	25	4
5-15	3	3.7	25	2.7	-	54	3
15-35	4	4.8	25	2.1	-	46	2
35-59	2	4.6	19	1.3	-	54	2
59-86	24	4.1	16	1.0	-	59	2
86-112	0	3.9	15	0.6	-	62	0
112-145	2	4.1	14	0.7	-	61	0
145-180	0	3.9	16	0.4	-	72	0
180-200	6	8.3	20	0.3	-	7	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-5	-	-	-	0.06	0.01	0.65	0.15	-	-	-	0.14
5-15	-	-	-	0.08	0.02	0.86	0.20	-	-	-	0.21
15-35	-	-	-	0.11	0.02	1.27	0.28	-	-	-	0.19
35-59	-	-	-	0.09	0.02	1.53	0.32	-	-	-	0.13
59-86	-	-	-	0.09	0.01	1.75	0.34	-	-	-	0.08
86-112	-	-	-	0.11	0.00	2.07	0.38	-	-	-	0.06
112-145	-	-	-	0.08	0.01	1.75	0.35	-	-	-	0.05
145-180	-	-	-	0.07	0.01	1.82	0.29	-	-	-	0.05
180-200	-	-	-	0.14	0.02	4.71	0.68	-	-	-	0.06

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
59-86	42.4	32.3	10.1	0.03	0.49	0.64	-	1.02
112-145	41.2	32.6	10.8	0.02	0.49	0.76	-	1.05

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
59-86	0.02	0.12	12.4	99.5	2.2	11.2	1.9	5.0
112-145	0.02	0.12	12.7	99.8	2.1	10.1	1.8	4.7

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
59-86	-	-	-	weak	-	-	strong	-	weak	weak	-	-
112-145	-	-	-	weak	-	-	strong	-	weak	weak	-	-

Sand mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Heavy Frac. sand % w/w	K-Feldspar % w/w	Light Fra. sand % w/w	Opaque % w/w	Plagioclase % w/w	Quartz % w/w
86-112	0.7	-	99.3	93	-	100

Minerals

Depth (cm)	Anatase % w/w	Andalusite % w/w	Apatite % w/w	Augite % w/w	Biotite % w/w	Hornblende (basaltic) % w/w
86-112	5	1	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	Grenate % w/w	Grossular % w/w	Muscovite % w/w	Rutile % w/w	Sillimanite % w/w	Spinel % w/w
86-112	-	-	-	5	-	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-5 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)sandy loam,weak fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine continuous pores and many continuous pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Ah2 5-15 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)sandy loam,weak fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky plastic,many fine continuous pores and many continuous pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Ahb 15-35 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)sandy loam,very weak fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky plastic,many fine continuous pores and many continuous pores,clear smooth boundary to,
35-59 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,very weak fine subangular blocky to porous massive,friable slightly sticky plastic,faint mottles,common fine pores and common pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bo1 59-86 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)sandy clay loam,porous massive,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,common medium faint sharp mottles (7.5 YR 4/4),few fine pores and common pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bo2 86-112 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/6, moist)sandy clay loam,porous massive,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,common medium distinct diffuse mottles (10 YR 5/6),few fine continuous pores and common continuous pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
112-145 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay,porous massive,firm slightly sticky plastic,common medium distinct diffuse mottles (10 YR 5/8) and common coarse distinct mottles (10 YR 5/8),few fine coarse pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
C1 145-180 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay,porous massive,firm slightly sticky plastic,common medium distinct sharp mottles (2.5 YR 5/4) and common coarse distinct mottles (2.5 YR 5/4),few fine pores and few pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
C2 180-210 cm	clayporous massive,firm slightly sticky plastic,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sedimentary rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	unconsolidated, unspecified
Remarks on Parent Materials	Plio-Pleistocene
Texture of parent material	clayey

Major crops	cocoa
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Interplanted with forest LANDUSE:

Altitude	220m
Physiographic position of the site	depression
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	peneplain
Slope	2%
Slope Aspect	south
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Moist From - To	0-210cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline

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Reference soil Colombia 18: Acrisol

Characteristics

Reference soil CO018: Acrisols

Classification