Reference soil Cuba 10: Phaeozem

CU010

Phaeozems occur all over the world, but especially on the more moist side of the steppe regions, bordering Chernozems.

Characteristics

Soils having a mollic horizon (deep, brownish or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation); a base saturation of 50 percent or more between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; a calcium carbonate-free soil matrix at least to a depth of 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a contrasting layer between 25 and 100 cm; no diagnostic horizons other than an albic, argic, cambic or vertic horizon, or a petrocalcic horizon in the substratum.

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CU010: Phaeozems

Short field description: Shallow, moderaley well drained, dark greyish brown clay. The soil has a subangular blocky structure and contains small calcareous nodules and gravels. Geology: Neogene Era, mid-lower Miocene. Arabos formation: clays, marls, sandstone, limestone and aleurolitas. Geomorphology: abrasive, erosive, undulatimg marine plains.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Rendzic- Phaeozem (Clayic)

Calcari-Mollic- Cambisol

0-34 cm	mollic horizon
-	calcaric

0-34 cm	mollic horizon
-	calcaric

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

Orthi-Calcaric Phaeozem

0-34 cm	mollic A horizon
- cm	mollic A horizon
-	calcaric

Local classification:	Humico carbonatico

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Entic Haplustoll
USDA-SCS (1975)	Entic Haplustoll ustic clayey over fine-silty montmorillonitic (calcareous) isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-34	-	1.0	1.0	1.4	1.7	3.0	8.1	6.8	8.0	14.8	77.1
34-46	-	0.2	0.9	1.6	1.4	2.2	6.3	7.0	0.4	7.4	86.3
46-75	-	10.9	8.4	3.9	2.6	1.7	27.5	5.4	35.9	41.3	31.1
75-105	-	1.9	2.4	1.4	1.4	1.9	9	11.2	55.0	66.2	24.8
105-120	-	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.7	1.6	3.5	81.3	84.8	13.7

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-34	-	-	-	-	77.1
5-10	1.265	-	-	-	-
25-30	1.139	-	-	-	-
34-46	-	-	-	-	86.3
46-75	-	-	-	-	31.1
75-105	-	-	-	-	24.8
105-120	-	-	-	-	13.7

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
5-10	1.265	55.7	53.7	53.7	50.1	48.8	47.3	44.0	37.4
25-30	1.139	59.8	59.7	59.7	57.4	56.0	54.5	54.0	46.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-34	8.2	7.1	0.38	36.6	2.77	0.31	9	-	-	74.4	7.9	0.5	0.2	83.0
34-46	8.3	7.2	0.38	32.6	2.40	-	-	-	-	74.0	8.7	0.6	0.3	83.6
46-75	8.7	7.6	0.20	75.7	0.55	-	-	-	-	44.6	4.4	0.1	0.3	49.4
75-105	9.0	7.9	0.17	85.2	0.14	-	-	-	-	39.3	5.0	0.1	0.3	44.7
105-120	9.2	8.2	0.14	90.2	0.05	-	-	-	-	36.5	8.0	0.1	0.3	44.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-34	168	49.3	-	9.7	-	-	0
34-46	171	49.0	-	8.4	-	-	1
46-75	-	14.7	-	1.9	-	-	2
75-105	-	8.7	-	0.5	-	-	3
105-120	-	5.3	-	0.2	-	-	6

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-34	-	-	-	0.35	0.08	-	-	-	-	-	0.19
34-46	-	-	-	0.36	0.08	-	-	-	-	-	0.19
46-75	-	-	-	0.08	0.05	-	-	-	-	-	0.03
75-105	-	-	-	0.03	0.05	-	-	-	-	-	0.03
105-120	-	-	-	0.00	0.02	-	-	-	-	-	0.05

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-34	-	weak	-	-	-	-	weak	-	weak	weak	very strong	-
34-46	-	weak	-	-	-	-	weak	-	weak	weak	strong	-
46-75	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	weak	-	medium to strong	very weak	strong	-
75-105	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	weak	-	medium to strong	-	strong	-
105-120	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	-	strong	-	strong	-

Profile description

Ap 0-34 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, moist)clay,strong medium and coarse subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,few fine pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),few medium spherical hard calcareous unspecified inclusions,no fragments,very frequent worm channels and channels,diffuse smooth boundary to,
AC 34-46 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)clay,strong medium and coarse subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,few fine pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),few medium spherical hard calcareous very fine,no fragments,very frequent worm channels and channels,clear irregular boundary to,
C1 46-75 cm	very pale brown (10YR 8/3, moist)silt slightly gravelly,moderately coherent,firm non sticky non plastic,no cutans,common fine pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few medium spherical hard calcareous very fine,no fragments,few worm channels and channels,diffuse smooth boundary to,
C2 75-105 cm	white (10YR 8/2, moist)silt slightly gravelly,structureless,firm non sticky non plastic,few medium distinct clear mottles (10YR 7/8),no cutans,common fine pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),no inclusions,no fragments,few channels and worm channels,diffuse smooth boundary to,
R 105-120 cm	white (10YR 8/1, moist)structureless,firm non sticky non plastic,common coarse prominent clear mottles (10YR 7/8),no cutans,few fine pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),no inclusions,no fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	igneous rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	marine sediments
Remarks on Parent Materials	Mid-early Miocene, Arabos formation, clays, marls, sandstone, limestone and aleurolitas
Soil Depth	100cm
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey

Major crops	sugar cane
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	high level arable farming

Altitude	50m
Physiographic Unit	undulating
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	valley
Slope	2%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	undulating
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Depth to groundwater table	140cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	apparent
Moist From - To	0-120cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	slow

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	moderately alkaline
Average size of stone	10
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	surface capped, crust on drying
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	termite/ant mounds
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Shape of stones (on average)	angular irregular
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	very few stones

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Reference soil Cuba 10: Phaeozem

Characteristics

Reference soil CU010: Phaeozems

Classification