Reference soil Finland 01: Gleysol

FI001

Gleysols occur throughout the world where groundwater comes near to the surface, causing soils to become wet for a prolonged part of the year. They are particularly abundant in the low-lying river basins.

Characteristics

Soils having gleyic properties (properties associated with prolonged wetness) within 50 cm from the soil surface. They have no diagnostic horizons other than an anthraquic, histic, mollic, ochric, takyric, or umbric horizon at the surface, or an andic, calcic, cambic, gypsic, plinthic, salic, sulfuric, or vitric horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Gleysols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil FI001: Gleysols

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Haplic- Gleysol (Hypereutric Clayic)

Hapli-Hypereutric- Gleysol

15-55 cm	cambic horizon
-	reducing conditions
-	gleyic colour pattern

0-15 cm	ochric horizon
15-55 cm	cambic horizon
-	gleyic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Eutric Gleysol

Eutric Gleysol

0-15 cm	ochric A horizon
15-55 cm	cambic B horizon
-	gleyic

0-15 cm	ochric A horizon
15-55 cm	cambic B horizon
-	hydromorphic

Local classification:	Heavy clay soil

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Fluvaquent aquic fine mixed frigid

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
15-25	-	-	-	-	-	-	3.7	9.8	21.6	31.4	64.9
59-90	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.6	5.4	8.6	14.0	85.4
0-15	-	-	-	-	-	-	20.9	18.6	25.1	43.7	35.4
25-42	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	8.4	13.7	22.1	76.9
42-59	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.8	15.1	1.0	16.1	83.1

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
15-25	-	-	-	-	64.9
59-90	-	-	-	-	85.4
0-15	-	-	-	-	35.4
25-42	-	-	-	-	76.9
42-59	-	-	-	-	83.1

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
15-25	6.4	4.7	0.16	-	0.52	0.07	7	-	-	11.3	17.4	0.5	0.2	29.4
59-90	6.7	5.1	0.23	-	0.68	0.06	11	-	-	10.7	20.8	1.0	0.2	32.7
0-15	5.8	4.7	0.16	-	2.35	0.18	13	-	-	7.2	5.5	0.4	0.1	13.2
25-42	6.7	4.9	0.22	-	0.57	0.06	10	-	-	11.0	20.6	0.6	0.2	32.4
42-59	6.7	5.0	0.19	-	0.60	0.05	12	-	-	11.0	20.9	0.8	0.2	32.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
15-25	104	28.4	44	1.8	-	-	1
59-90	125	26.1	31	2.4	-	-	1
0-15	60	22.1	63	8.2	-	-	0
25-42	108	30.1	39	2.0	-	-	1
42-59	113	29.2	35	2.1	-	-	1

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
15-25	51.1	20.0	10.9	1.07	4.06	3.98	-	1.05
59-90	51.3	19.8	11.4	1.51	4.59	4.00	-	1.06
0-15	51.3	21.0	10.9	0.80	3.52	3.71	-	1.23
25-42	51.0	19.6	11.6	1.22	4.09	4.00	-	1.03
42-59	50.9	19.4	11.5	1.35	4.38	3.90	-	1.03

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
15-25	0.08	0.17	5.1	97.6	4.3	12.4	3.2	2.9
59-90	0.10	0.24	4.5	98.5	4.4	11.9	3.2	2.7
0-15	0.07	0.39	6.5	99.4	4.2	12.5	3.1	3.0
25-42	0.09	0.22	5.0	97.9	4.4	11.6	3.2	2.6
42-59	0.09	0.25	4.6	97.5	4.4	11.8	3.2	2.6

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
15-25	18.1	1.70	9.8	3.61	3.44	-	56.6	0.96
59-90	18.6	1.83	11.2	4.00	4.14	-	51.6	1.04
0-15	14.4	1.90	5.1	2.87	1.82	-	63.5	0.67
25-42	18.1	1.65	11.5	3.86	3.70	-	52.9	0.98
42-59	18.6	1.73	11.3	3.96	3.91	-	52.0	1.01

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
15-25	2.9	4.9	0.08	0.14	5.3	15.4	3.9
59-90	2.6	5.0	0.11	0.21	4.7	12.2	3.4
0-15	4.4	7.6	0.05	0.19	7.5	33.0	6.1
25-42	2.5	5.2	0.09	0.19	5.0	12.3	3.5
42-59	2.6	5.0	0.10	0.21	4.7	12.2	3.4

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
15-25	weak	weak	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	weak	very weak	very weak
59-90	weak	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	-	weak	very weak	-
0-15	very weak	weak	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	weak	weak	very weak	weak
25-42	weak	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	-	weak	very weak	weak
42-59	weak	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong	-	weak	very weak	weak

Rare clay minerals

Depth (cm)	Amphibole	Augite	Calcite	Lepidococrite	Pyrophillite	Pyroxene	Weddelite
15-25	weak	-	-	-	-	-	-
59-90	weak	-	-	-	-	-	-
0-15	weak	-	-	-	-	-	-
25-42	weak	-	-	-	-	-	-
42-59	weak	-	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap1 0-7 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)clay loam,moderate medium crumb,friable,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Ap2 7-15 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)clay loam,moderate very coarse platy,firm,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bg 15-35 cm	olive grey (5Y 4/2, moist)clay,moderate medium angular blocky,firm,common heterogeneous distinct clear mottles (5YR 3/6),gradual smooth boundary to,
BCg 35-55 cm	(2.5Y 4/1, moist)clay,weak medium prismatic parting to moderate medium and coarse angular blocky,firm,many heterogeneous distinct clear mottles (10YR 3/4) and many heterogeneous distinct mottles (5YR 3/6),gradual smooth boundary to,
Cr 55-90 cm	(2.5Y 4/1, moist)clay,massive,firm,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology and composition
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	lacustrine sediments
Remarks on Parent Materials	glacio-lacustrine clay
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey
Weathering Resistance	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	slightly

Major crops	cereals (unspecified)
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	draining
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming

Altitude	20m
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	poor
(Estimated) maximum (lower) depth to groundwater table	55cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	apparent
(Estimated) minimum (upper) depth to groundwater table	15cm
Moist From - To	0-55cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	slow
Wet From To	55-90cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline

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Reference soil Finland 01: Gleysol

Characteristics

Reference soil FI001: Gleysols

Classification