Reference soil Finland 02: Podzol

FI002

Podzols mainly occur in cool temperate and moist regions on coarse textured materials. Areas of Podzols have also been recorded from wet, tropical regions, notably the Amazon basin, southern central Africa and southeast Asia.

Characteristics

Soils having a spodic horizon (a dark coloured subsurface horizon with illuvial amorphous alumino-organic substances) within 200 cm from the soil surface, underlying an albic, histic, umbric or ochric horizon, or an anthropedogenic horizon less than 50 cm thick. Podzols are probably the most extensively researched group of soils.

Distribution of Podzols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil FI002: Podzols

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Entic- Podzol (Ruptic Endoskeletic)

Endoskeleti-Entic- Podzol

20-35 cm

spodic horizon

0-20 cm	ochric horizon
20-35 cm	spodic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Cambic Podzol

Leptic Podzol

0-20 cm	ochric A horizon
20-35 cm	spodic B horizon

0-20 cm	ochric A horizon
20-35 cm	spodic B horizon

Local classification:	Podzolized soil

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Haplorthod udic sandy mixed frigid

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
5-8	-	-	-	-	-	-	86.4	4.6	4.8	9.4	4.2
9-20	-	-	-	-	-	-	86.2	6.0	5.0	11.0	2.8
20-35	-	-	-	-	-	-	89.8	4.8	4.2	9.0	1.2
35-55	-	-	-	-	-	-	96.8	1.7	0.2	1.9	1.3

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
5-8	-	-	-	-	4.2
9-20	-	-	-	-	2.8
20-35	-	-	-	-	1.2
35-55	-	-	-	-	1.3

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-5	3.7	3.0	0.01	-	36.40	2.04	18	-	-	4.5	4.1	2.1	0.2	10.9
5-8	4.2	3.7	0.09	-	2.46	0.07	35	-	-	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.4
9-20	4.7	4.3	0.04	-	1.34	0.06	22	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
20-35	5.0	4.5	0.03	-	0.75	0.03	25	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
35-55	5.7	5.0	0.01	-	0.09	-	-	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-5	10	104	-	127.4	-	-	0
5-8	3	14.6	143	8.6	-	-	0
9-20	0	10.4	204	4.7	-	-	0
20-35	0	7.0	367	2.6	-	-	0
35-55	0	1.3	77	0.3	-	-	0

Profile description

Oe 0-5 cm	needles moderatelyhighly porous (>60 vol%),abrupt smooth boundary to,
Ah 5-8 cm	Description sandweak fine and medium crumb,moderately porous (40-60 vol%),clear smooth boundary to,
8-20 cm	(7.5YR 3.5/4, moist)Description sand,single grain,moderately porous (40-60 vol%),gradual smooth boundary to,
Bh 20-35 cm	(5YR 3.5/6, moist)Description sand,single grain,moderately porous (40-60 vol%),gradual smooth boundary to,
C 35-80 cm	Description sand stonysingle grain,moderately porous (40-60 vol%),common stones fragments,

Depth1	35cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology and composition
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology and composition
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvio-glacial sediments
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	fluvio-glacial sediments
Remarks on Parent Materials	esker deposit
Texture of parent material	sandy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	stony
Weathering Resistance	moderate
Weathering Resistance (second entry)	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	slightly
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock (second entry)	slightly

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	afforestation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Slightly S-sloping Vaccinium type pine forest; frequency of pine in tree layer 100%

Altitude	140m
Physiographic Unit	slope
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	fluvio-glacial plain
Slope	5%
Slope Aspect	south
Form of the slope surrounding the site	concave
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-80cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Estimated run off (class)	rapid

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Finland 02: Podzol

Characteristics

Reference soil FI002: Podzols

Classification