Reference soil Germany 03: Stagnosol

DE003

Stagnosols are often related to Luvisols and occur for the greater part in humid and perhumid temperate regions in West and Central Europe, North America, Australia and Argentina.

Characteristics

Soils having within 50 cm of the soil surface reducing conditions (soil conditions with low redox potential (negative logarithm of the hydrogen potential (rH) and presence of free iron (Fe2+) on freshly broken surfaces) and in 50% of the layer a stagnic colour pattern (strong mottling of soils in such a pattern that peds surfaces are lighter (at least one Munsell value) and paler (at least one chroma) than ped interiors, which are more reddish and brighter (at least one chroma)). The stagnic color pattern develops under temporarily saturation of a perched water table from surface water, long enough to allow reducing conditions to arise. The topsoil can be bleached and concretions can occur in the subsoil. They develop often in slowly permeable, unconsolidated materials of various origins.

Distribution of Stagnosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil DE003: Stagnosols

An imperfectly drained soil, moist throughout most of the year, on gentle slope in dissected terrace landscape, derived from reworked weathered loess (>150 cm) of Würm age on cemented gravel of early Pleistocene river deposits ("Hauptterrassenschotter"). Below 60 cm few fine black (2,5Y 2/1) Mn mottles appear. Fe mottles (5YR 3/8, 7,5YR 4/2, 10YR 7/8) are apparent below 30 cm. The surface is covered by a O1 layer (3-1 cm) of freshly fallen leaves and partly decomposed material transitional to fine O2 material (1-0 cm). In the Ah there can be found abundant organic matter. VEGETATION: Quercus sp., Carpinus betulus; Milium effuscum, Deschampsia sp. (additional climatic data Aachen: insolation (hrs))

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Luvic- Stagnosol (Albic Epidystric Siltic)

Albi-Stagnic- Luvisol (Cutanic Epidystric)

10-48 cm	albic horizon
48-98 cm	argic horizon
-	stagnic colour pattern
-	reducing conditions

10-48 cm	albic horizon
3-10 cm	ochric horizon
48-98 cm	argic horizon
-	stagnic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Albi-Dystric Planosol

Dystric Planosol

10-48 cm	albic E horizon
3-10 cm	ochric A horizon
48-98 cm	argic B horizon
-	stagnic

10-48 cm	albic E horizon
3-10 cm	ochric A horizon
48-98 cm	argillic B horizon
-	hydromorphic

Local classification:	Primärer Parabraunerde-Pseudogley

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Hapludalf aquic

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
3-13	-	-	-	-	-	-	10.9	54.0	24.2	78.2	10.9
18-33	-	-	-	-	-	-	10.9	54.9	21.9	76.8	12.3
36-48	-	-	-	-	-	-	10.6	52.3	22.5	74.8	14.6
48-73	-	-	-	-	-	-	13.1	47.2	19.5	66.7	20.2
73-93	-	-	-	-	-	-	23.5	41.8	15.9	57.7	18.8
98-120	-	-	-	-	-	-	20.2	53.1	10.2	63.3	16.5
120-133	-	-	-	-	-	-	4.9	57.1	20.2	77.3	17.8

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
3-13	-	-	-	-	10.9
18-33	-	-	-	-	12.3
36-48	-	-	-	-	14.6
48-73	-	-	-	-	20.2
73-93	-	-	-	-	18.8
98-120	-	-	-	-	16.5
120-133	-	-	-	-	17.8

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
3-13	4.4	3.7	-	-	7.12	0.32	22	3.3	2.0	2.5	0.6	0.0	0.0	3.1
18-33	4.3	3.6	-	-	0.69	0.04	17	2.7	2.2	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2
36-48	4.1	3.6	-	-	0.13	0.03	4	2.8	2.2	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2
48-73	4.2	3.4	-	-	0.08	0.03	3	3.1	2.4	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.0	2.1
73-93	5.2	3.9	-	-	0.08	0.03	3	0.2	0	4.7	2.3	0.1	0.0	7.1
98-120	6.8	5.3	-	0.6	0.14	0.02	7	-	-	6.9	1.8	0.0	0.0	8.7
120-133	7.1	5.6	-	1.2	0.10	0.02	5	-	-	8.0	1.6	0.0	0.0	9.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
3-13	13	24.2	222	24.9	-	8	0
18-33	2	8.1	66	2.4	-	27	0
36-48	3	7.5	51	0.5	-	29	0
48-73	19	11.1	55	0.3	-	22	0
73-93	54	13.1	70	0.3	-	0	0
98-120	73	11.9	72	0.5	-	-	0
120-133	72	13.3	75	0.4	-	-	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
3-13	-	-	-	0.18	0.00	0.71	0.18	0.52	0.16	-	0.13
18-33	-	-	-	0.14	0.00	0.63	0.13	0.24	0.15	-	0.41
36-48	-	-	-	0.12	0.00	0.79	0.13	0.11	0.11	-	0.49
48-73	-	-	-	0.13	0.00	1.10	0.11	0.20	0.26	-	0.52
73-93	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	1.10	0.10	0.08	0.07	-	0.54
98-120	-	-	-	0.08	0.00	1.00	0.10	0.01	0.01	-	0.34
120-133	-	-	-	0.08	0.00	0.89	0.10	0.01	0.01	-	0.28

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
3-13	48.9	21.7	11.1	0.27	1.47	2.86	-	1.20
18-33	49.0	24.3	10.6	0.03	1.74	3.21	-	1.11
36-48	52.1	21.8	10.1	0.06	1.76	3.37	-	0.95
48-73	46.7	22.5	12.5	0.02	1.94	3.37	-	0.88
73-93	48.2	22.7	12.6	0.04	1.99	3.37	-	0.85
98-120	48.7	21.8	12.6	0.07	2.10	3.29	-	0.83
120-133	49.9	20.8	11.8	0.16	2.19	3.18	-	0.85

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
3-13	0.12	0.85	10.9	99.4	3.8	11.7	2.9	3.1
18-33	0.15	0.21	9.4	99.8	3.4	12.3	2.7	3.6
36-48	0.12	0.33	8.1	98.7	4.0	13.8	3.1	3.4
48-73	0.21	0.30	9.5	97.9	3.5	10.0	2.6	2.8
73-93	0.24	0.33	9.2	99.5	3.6	10.2	2.7	2.8
98-120	0.35	0.33	9.2	99.3	3.8	10.3	2.8	2.7
120-133	0.19	0.30	8.6	98.0	4.1	11.2	3.0	2.8

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
3-13	6.4	0.45	2.5	1.80	0.35	0.56	71.5	0.56
18-33	7.7	0.27	2.5	1.93	0.33	0.69	82.5	0.63
36-48	8.4	0.27	3.2	2.15	0.56	0.62	80.4	0.65
48-73	9.9	0.26	4.2	2.25	0.76	0.44	78.0	0.64
73-93	10.2	0.35	4.6	2.21	0.89	0.28	77.6	0.61
98-120	9.5	0.51	4.2	2.19	0.82	0.5	78.0	0.6
120-133	9.5	0.73	3.8	2.47	0.9	0.85	78.6	0.65

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
3-13	4.0	15.0	0.06	0.10	19	76.1	15.2
18-33	4.8	3.0	0.04	0.04	18.2	87.9	15.1
36-48	4.1	2.2	0.05	0.10	16.2	66.9	13.1
48-73	3.7	2.9	0.09	0.08	13.4	49.4	10.5
73-93	3.5	3.0	0.10	0.10	12.9	44.9	10.0
98-120	3.5	2.8	0.10	0.11	13.9	49.4	10.9
120-133	3.9	2.5	0.06	0.14	14	55.1	11.2

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
3-13	weak	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	strong	strong	weak	medium to strong
18-33	weak	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	strong	strong	-	medium to strong
36-48	weak	strong	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	medium to strong	strong	-	medium to strong
48-73	weak	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	strong	strong	medium to strong	medium to strong
73-93	weak	weak	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	medium to strong	strong	strong	-
98-120	weak	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	medium to strong	strong	strong	-
120-133	very weak	weak	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	medium to strong	strong	strong	-

Profile description

Ah 0-7 cm	very dark brown (10YR 2/2, moist)silt loam,strong fine crumb,very friable,abrupt wavy boundary to,
EA 7-30 cm	brown (10YR 5/3, moist)moderate fine subangular blocky,friable,few mottles (10 YR 6/3) and few fine faint mottles (5 YR 4/8),frequent worm channels,gradual wavy boundary to,
Eg 30-45 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)silt loam,weak medium subangular blocky,friable,few fine distinct mottles (5 YR 3/8),gradual wavy boundary to,
Btg1 45-70 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)silt loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,firm,many coarse prominent clear mottles (2.5 Y 6/2) and many medium distinct mottles (5 YR 3/8),broken thin cutans,gradual wavy boundary to,
Btg2 70-95 cm	(2.5Y 6/3, moist)silt loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,firm,many coarse prominent clear mottles (7.5 YR 4/4) and many medium distinct mottles (2.5 Y 4/1),broken thin cutans,gradual wavy boundary to,
95-125 cm	light brownish grey (2.5Y 6/2, moist)weak medium subangular blocky,firm,common medium faint mottles (10 YR 7/8) and common medium distinct mottles (7.5 YR 4/2),clear wavy boundary to,
Cg 125- cm	light grey (2.5Y 7/2, moist)silt loam,weak medium subangular blocky and structureless porous massive,common medium distinct mottles (10 YR 7/8) and few fine faint mottles (2.5 Y 2/1),

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	eolian loess
Remarks on Parent Materials	Würm loess
Texture of parent material	silty
Weathering Resistance	poor
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	forestry
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Quercus sp., Carpinus betulus; Milium effuscum and Deschampsia sp; groundcover: herbs, grasses
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	deciduous forest

Altitude	92m
Physiographic Unit	middle slope
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial terrace
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	slow

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Germany 03: Stagnosol

Characteristics

Reference soil DE003: Stagnosols

Classification