Reference soil Hungary 02: Phaeozem

HU002

Phaeozems occur all over the world, but especially on the more moist side of the steppe regions, bordering Chernozems.

Characteristics

Soils having a mollic horizon (deep, brownish or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation); a base saturation of 50 percent or more between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; a calcium carbonate-free soil matrix at least to a depth of 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a contrasting layer between 25 and 100 cm; no diagnostic horizons other than an albic, argic, cambic or vertic horizon, or a petrocalcic horizon in the substratum.

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil HU002: Phaeozem

Parent material: Sarmata limestone and marls of Miocene age. Acidity: neutral (pH-H2O 7.3). Climate: Station Paty (No. 142 in Lieth Klimadiagramm-Atlas); mean annual temperature 9.8 degree C; total annual precipitation 614 mm; potential annual evaporation 690 mm. Diagnostic characteristics: FAO-UNESCO/USDA: Mollic A horizon/epipedon, soil material with calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40%. Brief description of the profile: A very dark greyish brown to brown, strongly calcareous, gravelly sandy loam. A horizon with a crumb structure overlies, with a sharp boundary, a white marly limestone. Throughout the epipedon fragments of the underlying weathered rock occur.

Classification

WRB 2014

Phaeozem

Local classification:	Black Rendzina

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Rendoll udic fine mixed (calcareous) mesic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	1.6	1.7	1.2	1.8	3.4	9.7	22.1	31	53.1	37.3
10-30	-	0.9	0.9	0.8	1.3	2.6	6.5	21.3	29.4	50.7	42.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	37.3
10-30	-	-	-	-	42.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	7.6	7.1	0.41	18.8	8.33	0.78	11	-	-	164.5	3.1	1.1	0.0	168.7
10-30	7.7	7.1	0.4	17.3	7.99	0.74	11	-	-	168.2	2.4	0.71	0.0	171.31

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	-	53	64	29.2	-	-	-
10-30	-	54.9	63	28	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-10	43.4	22.3	9	2.02	2.4	2.89	-	0.61
10-30	46.5	24.5	9.9	1.2	2.53	3	-	0.63

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
0-10	0.22	1	15	98.8	3.3	12.8	2.6	3.9
10-30	0.18	1	11.7	101.1	3.2	12.5	2.6	3.9

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-10	10.1	11.47	3.9	1.58	1.25	-	45.1	0.6
10-30	10.6	10.26	4.1	1.58	1.34	-	47.6	0.65

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-10	4.1	24.8	0.10	0.35	7.6	30.8	6.1
10-30	4.1	233	0.11	0.34	7.6	30.9	6.1

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-10	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	-
10-30	weak to medium	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-10 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)sandy loam gravelly,strong medium crumb,
Ah2 10-40 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)sandy loam gravelly,moderate medium crumb,abrupt smooth boundary to,
C 40- cm	white (10YR 8/2, moist)loamy sand very gravelly,structureless,

Depth1	40cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	fine-grained igneous rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	solid rock
Remarks on Parent Materials	Sarmata limestone
Soil Depth	40cm
Texture of parent material (second entry)	mixed

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	semi-natural grassland, grazed
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Grassland with few oak trees
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	grassland

Altitude	250m
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	0%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Hungary 02: Phaeozem

Characteristics

Reference soil HU002: Phaeozem

Classification