Reference soil Hungary 15: Solonetz

HU015

Solonetzes occur where a sodium source supplies the clay-rich subsoil with exchangeable Na, causing peptization of clay and organic substances and deterioration of the topsoil.

Characteristics

Soils having a natric horizon (a subsurface horizon with distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon and more than 15% exchangeable sodium) within 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Solonetz (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil HU015: Solonetz

VEGETATION: Species: Festuca pseudovina, Artemisia monogyna, Statice Gmelini, Archillea millefolium.

Classification

WRB 2014

Solonetz

Local classification:	Meadow Solonetz - Steppe Form.

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	0	0.1	0.3	0.2	1.8	2.4	49.5	30.6	80.1	17.4
10-21	-	0	0.1	0.1	0.2	3.9	4.3	34.3	37.1	71.4	24.4
21-35	-	0	0.1	0.1	0.3	2	2.5	25	31.8	56.8	40.7
35-47	-	0	0.1	0	0.1	3.1	3.3	19.6	35.7	55.3	41.5
47-60	-	0	0	0.1	0.1	1.4	1.6	21.3	37.8	59.1	39.4
60-70	-	0	0	0.1	0	2.4	2.5	20.1	36.3	56.4	41.2
70-83	-	0	0	0	0.1	2.8	2.9	20.8	33.7	54.5	42.6
83-103	-	0	0	0	0.1	0.1	0.2	24.3	35.3	59.6	40.2
103-125	-	0	0	0	0.1	2	2.1	24.1	35.9	60	38

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	17.4
10-21	-	-	-	-	24.4
21-35	-	-	-	-	40.7
35-47	-	-	-	-	41.5
47-60	-	-	-	-	39.4
60-70	-	-	-	-	41.2
70-83	-	-	-	-	42.6
83-103	-	-	-	-	40.2
103-125	-	-	-	-	38

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	5.3	4.5	0.19	0	4.28	0.32	13	0.3	0	14.9	2.7	1.1	0.8	19.5
10-21	6.1	4.9	0.2	0	2.97	0.23	13	-	-	14.5	2.6	0.7	2.1	19.9
21-35	8.0	6.6	0.8	4.2	2.27	0.20	11	-	-	20.3	5.6	1.7	14.8	42.4
35-47	8.7	7.4	1.58	4.1	1.71	0.15	11	-	-	25.1	7.2	2.4	27.5	62.2
47-60	9.1	7.8	1.81	4.3	1.49	0.14	11	-	-	25.5	8.5	2.3	28.7	65
60-70	9.4	8.2	1.81	7.4	1.20	0.11	11	-	-	48.4	10.3	2.2	26.5	87.4
70-83	9.5	8.3	1.69	14.5	0.96	0.09	11	-	-	50.2	10.3	1.9	23.0	85.4
83-103	9.6	8.3	1.38	20.5	0.68	0.07	10	-	-	50.0	9.8	1.7	16.9	78.4
103-125	9.6	8.2	1.0	17.4	0.55	0.07	8	-	-	46.7	9.8	1.6	12.2	70.3

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	82	23.9	51	15	-	0	3
10-21	88	22.7	50	10.4	-	-	9
21-35	127	33.3	62	7.9	-	-	44
35-47	162	38.5	78	6	-	-	71
47-60	179	36.4	79	5.2	-	-	79
60-70	302	28.9	60	4.2	-	-	92
70-83	363	23.5	47	3.4	-	-	98
83-103	381	20.6	45	2.4	-	-	82
103-125	361	19.5	46	1.9	-	-	63

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-10	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak	strong	weak	weak	very weak	-
21-35	very weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak	strong	weak	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-
47-60	very weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak	strong	weak to medium	weak	very weak to weak	-
70-83	very weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak to medium	weak to medium	very weak to weak	weak	-
103-125	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak to medium	weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-

Profile description

very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, dry)

Btn1 21-35 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, dry)very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, dry),
Btn1 21-35 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, dry)
Btn1 21-35 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry)

Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	calc.loess-like clay
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	not apparent
Slope stability	stable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	semi-natural grassland, grazed
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Natural pasture, see general remarks

Altitude	90m
Physiographic Unit	gently undulating micro relief
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial plain
Slope	0%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	yearly
Nature of flood water	fresh
Depth to groundwater table	400cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	very slow

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	slightly alkaline
Microrelief pattern	isolated
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	slightly saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Hungary 15: Solonetz

Characteristics

Reference soil HU015: Solonetz

Classification