Reference soil India 06: Luvisol

IN006

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil IN006: Luvisols

A deep, well drained, yellowish red soil with a subangular blocky structure and a stone line at 60-70 cm depth. The surface horizon has a slightly gravelly sandy loam texture, overlying a slightly gravelly sandy clay loam. Below the stone line a gravelly sandy clay to clay occurs with parts of weathered parent material, increasing in amount with depth. LOCATION: profile is located next to the South India Carbonic Gas Industries. MICROMORPHOLOGY: thin sections show many clay skins between 19 and 34 cm, abundant clay skins between 37 and 52 cm, and few clay skins between 86 and 101 cm depth. NATURAL VEGETATION: Lantana camera, Pongamea glabra, Tamarindus indica, Croton sparsiflorus and grasses. CROPS: "ragi" (Eleusinea coracano), "jowar" (Sorghum vulgare), "avare" (Dolichos lal lab) and "niger" (Guizotia abyssinica). PERMEABILITY: moderately rapid. MORPHOLOGY: an oblique stone line of partly weathered diorite occurs between 58 and 73 cm.

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Pachi-Chromic Luvisol

Eutric Nitosol

- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Dyavapatna sandy clay loam

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Paleustalf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Paleustalf ustic fine kaolinitic isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-8	-	2.9	11.9	16.1	28.5	12.3	71.7	6.8	5.3	12.1	16.2
8-38	-	5.1	12.9	13.1	20.6	6.8	58.5	3.7	5	8.7	32.8
38-64	-	4.9	11.1	8.8	14.6	7.1	46.5	0.2	8	8.2	45.3
64-91	-	4.8	9.2	8.3	12.9	7.1	42.3	3.5	11.4	14.9	42.8
91-150	-	3.9	9.2	5.3	14.3	7.9	40.6	5.9	12.5	18.4	41

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-8	-	-	-	-	16.2
8-38	-	-	-	-	32.8
38-64	-	-	-	-	45.3
64-91	-	-	-	-	42.8
91-150	-	-	-	-	41

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-8	5.8	5.1	0.14	-	0.30	0.05	6	-	-	2.5	1.3	0.3	0.0	4.1
8-38	6.3	6.0	0.19	-	0.33	0.06	6	-	-	6.0	2.0	0.2	0.0	8.2
38-64	6.7	5.5	0.39	-	0.36	0.06	6	-	-	8.8	2.0	0.2	0.3	11.3
64-91	7.3	6.2	0.97	0.3	0.27	0.04	7	-	-	8.8	2.9	0.3	0.3	12.3
91-150	7.1	6.4	1.33	2	0.24	0.03	8	-	-	9.8	2.9	0.2	0.3	13.2

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-8	67	6.1	38	1.1	-	-	-
8-38	85	9.6	29	1.2	-	-	-
38-64	80	14.1	31	1.3	-	-	-
64-91	88	13.9	32	0.9	-	-	-
91-150	95	13.9	34	0.8	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-8	41	29.2	13.1	0.04	1.13	1.15	-	1
8-38	40.6	30.2	12.5	0.03	1.01	1.03	-	0.91
38-64	40.5	29.8	11.9	0.08	1.03	1	-	0.88
64-91	41.7	30.3	11.6	0.07	0.99	0.96	-	0.87
91-150	42.2	29.5	11.1	0.05	1.05	0.95	-	0.85

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
0-8	0.09	0.26	11.5	100.6	2.3	8.6	1.8	3.8
8-38	0.08	0.14	11.7	100.1	2.3	8.6	1.8	3.8
38-64	0.1	0.11	11.6	98.9	2.3	9.1	1.8	3.9
64-91	0.09	0.08	11.5	100.1	2.3	9.5	1.9	4.1
91-150	0.08	0.09	11.3	99.2	2.4	10.1	2	4.2

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-8	10.3	1.35	4.5	1.33	0.85	-	78.6	0.63
8-38	13.5	1.41	5.8	1.28	0.9	-	70.2	0.75
38-64	15.7	1.6	9.2	1.12	1.13	-	64.7	0.86
64-91	16.3	0.77	6.9	1.34	0.66	-	67.8	0.69
91-150	17.9	1.08	6.3	1.17	0.84	-	67.3	0.66

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-8	3.6	3.2	0.06	0.03	13	46.1	10.1
8-38	3.7	4.3	0.07	0.02	8.9	32.4	7.0
38-64	2.7	6.0	0.11	0.04	7	18.6	5.1
64-91	3.7	6.1	0.08	0.01	7.1	26.1	5.6
91-150	4.5	4.5	0.08	0.01	6.4	28.5	5.2

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-8	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	weak to medium	-	-	very weak	-
8-38	-	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	weak to medium	-	-	very weak to weak	-
38-64	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	weak to medium	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-
64-91	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	weak to medium	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-
91-150	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	weak to medium	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-

Profile description

Ap 0-8 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, dry) reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky plastic,few fine gravel quartz fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt1 8-38 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, dry) reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)sandy clay loam gravelly,moderate medium subangular blocky,slightly hard friable sticky plastic,few fine gravel quartz fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt2 38-64 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/6, dry) reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)clay gravelly,moderate medium subangular blocky,hard very firm sticky plastic,few fine gravel quartz fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
64-91 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/6, dry) yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist)sandy clay,strong medium subangular blocky,hard firm sticky plastic,gradual wavy boundary to,
64-91 cm	very frequent strongly weathered parent material fragments

Depth1	65cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	basic gneiss
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	diorite
Soil Depth	150cm
Weathering Resistance	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	not apparent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	moderate
Soil erosion type	sheet
Soil erosion type (second entry)	sheet

Major crops	cereals (unspecified)
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	finger millet, sorghum, niger, beans

Altitude	880m
Physiographic Unit	undulating terrain
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	pediplain
Slope	2%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Dry From - To	0-150cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil India 06: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil IN006: Luvisols

Classification