Reference soil India 07: Luvisol

IN007

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil IN007: Luvisols

A deep, red loamy soil derived from granite gneiss (with quartz, feldspar, mica, and iron-coated quartz) in an undulating midland (slope gradients 3-5 %). The B horizon has a gravelly texture and contains quartz fragments of different size (2-50 mm) and shape. Soil reaction is neutral. REFERENCES: (1) Channasandra Series. In: Soil Series of India. (Eds. S. Lal, S.B. Deshpande & J. Seghal. 1994), pp. 177-180. National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur. (2) Channasandra Series. In: Benchmark Soils of India - Morphology, characteristics and classification for resource management. (Eds. R.S. Murthy, L.R. Hirekerur, S.B. Deshpande & B.V. Venkata Rao. 1982), pp. 296-299. National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur.

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Pachi-Chromic Luvisol

Eutric Nitosol

- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Channasandra sandy clay loam

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Rhodic Paleustalf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Rhodic Paleustalf ustic fine mixed isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-14	-	4.5	15.4	16	21.4	10.4	67.7	8.8	7.6	16.4	15.9
14-33	-	4.3	11.7	14.2	19	9.1	58.3	6.4	6.2	12.6	29.1
33-96	-	3.4	10.7	9	10.4	6.5	40	7.3	14.7	22	38
96-150	-	4.5	13.7	9.6	13	8	48.8	7	11.4	18.4	32.8

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-14	-	-	-	-	15.9
14-33	-	-	-	-	29.1
33-96	-	-	-	-	38
96-150	-	-	-	-	32.8

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-14	6.5	5.8	0.22	-	0.66	0.06	11	-	-	3.3	1.9	0.4	0.0	5.6
14-33	6.4	5.5	0.23	-	0.66	0.08	8	-	-	4.3	2.1	0.3	0.0	6.7
33-96	6.5	5.6	0.23	-	0.27	0.04	7	-	-	5.3	3.5	0.4	0.3	9.5
96-150	6.5	5.5	0.26	-	0.24	0.03	8	-	-	5.3	2.9	0.3	0.1	8.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-14	64	8.7	55	2.3	-	-	-
14-33	55	12.2	42	2.3	-	-	-
33-96	55	17.4	46	0.9	-	-	-
96-150	64	13.5	41	0.8	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap 0-14 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, dry) reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,soft friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt1 14-33 cm	red (2.5YR 4/6, dry) dark red (2.5YR 3/6, moist)clay loam gravelly,moderate medium subangular blocky,hard firm sticky plastic,patchy thin clay on pedfaces cutans,medium gravel quartz fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt2 33-96 cm	red (2.5YR 4/6, dry) dark red (2.5YR 3/6, moist)clay gravelly,moderate medium subangular blocky,very hard very firm very sticky plastic,patchy thin clay on pedfaces cutans,fine gravel quartz fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
96-150 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, dry) (5YR 4/8, moist)sandy clay loam gravelly,weak medium subangular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	acidic gneiss
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	granite gneiss
Soil Depth	150cm

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	not apparent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	moderate
Soil erosion type	sheet

Major crops	cereals (unspecified)
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	finger millet,sorghum,castor+mung beans

Altitude	900m
Physiographic Unit	undulating midland
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	pediplain
Slope	4%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Dry From - To	0-150cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil India 07: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil IN007: Luvisols

Classification