Reference soil Indonesia 01: Lixisol

ID001

Lixisols occur dominantly in the drier parts of the tropics and subtropics. Their high base status is partly due to less leaching, partly to admixture from airborne dust from adjacent desert regions.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon), which has a cation exchange capacity of less than 24 cmolc per kg in some part, either starting within either: 100 cm from the soil surface, or 200 cm from the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. They have a base saturation (total amount of Ca, Mg, K and Na with respect to the cation exchange capacity) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Lixisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID001: Lixisols

CLASSIFICATION: The B horizon has more than 10% weatherable minerals in the 50-200mu fraction, which would exclude the horizon from the oxic. But since the total percentage of sand is negligible (0%), this criterion is waived. PHYSIOGRAPHY: Alluvial fan of Gunung Salak volcano. Dissected terrace of Kali Angke river. PARENT MATERIAL: Three distinct deposits (0-28, 28-85 and 85-125+ cm) of colluvially reworked andesitic ash. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Whole area is completely cleared of its original vegetation and has been transformed into arable and village land. Cultivation of rainfed annual foodcrops, fruits and vegetables.

Classification

WRB 2006

Vitric- Lixisol (Clayic Chromic)

28-125 cm	argic horizon
-	vitric

28-125 cm	argic horizon
-	vitric

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Chromi-Haplic Lixisol

Ferralic Cambisol

0-28 cm	ochric A horizon
28-125 cm	argic B horizon

0-28 cm	ochric A horizon
28-125 cm	cambic B horizon
-	ferralic
-	weatherable minerals

Local classification:	Oksisol Eutrik (PPT-Bogor, 1981)

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Eutrudox
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Eutropept udic very fine kaolinitic isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-13	-	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.5	0.3	1.2	0.8	12.6	13.4	85.4
13-28	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.6	0.6	1.4	5.2	13.7	18.9	79.8
28-66	-	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.4	0.4	1.1	0.8	7.0	7.8	91.1
66-85	-	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.7	1.3	16.8	18.1	81.1
85-100	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.8	2.5	7.1	9.6	89.7
100-125	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.8	7.0	0.3	7.3	91.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
5-10	0.950	-	-	-	-
0-13	-	151	-	10.2	85.4
13-28	-	-	-	1.5	79.8
35-40	0.930	-	-	-	-
28-66	-	155	-	2.0	91.1
40-45	0.9	-	-	-	-
66-85	0.900	153	-	2.0	81.1
45-50	0.84	-	-	-	-
85-100	0.840	158	-	0.5	89.7
100-125	-	152	-	0.0	91.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
5-10	0.950	69.2	65.1	55.9	48.1	44.7	41.1	28.3	27.4
35-40	0.930	70.3	66.4	59.4	50.5	46.9	43.8	33.6	31.9
40-45	0.9	72.7	69.3	61.1	50.7	46.7	43.3	32.5	30.8
66-85	0.900	72.7	69.3	61.1	50.7	46.7	43.3	32.5	30.8
45-50	0.84	69.8	66.6	59.4	48.6	44.2	40.6	30.8	29.4
85-100	0.840	69.8	66.6	59.4	48.6	44.2	40.6	30.8	29.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-13	5.5	4.7	0.14	-	1.40	0.16	9	0.2	0.1	5.0	1.9	0.5	0.3	7.7
13-28	6.0	5.1	0.09	-	1.00	0.10	10	0.1	0.1	4.7	2.6	0.2	0.4	7.9
28-66	5.7	5.0	0.07	-	0.70	0.08	9	0.1	0.1	3.4	2.2	0.2	0.3	6.1
66-85	5.7	5.1	0.06	-	0.40	-	-	0.1	0	3.0	2.1	0.2	0.2	5.5
85-100	5.9	5.2	0.08	-	0.30	-	-	0	0	3.8	2.2	0.2	0.2	6.4
100-125	5.9	5.3	0.08	-	0.30	-	-	0.1	0	3.8	2.2	0.2	0.2	6.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-13	64	12.1	14	4.9	-	1	2
13-28	68	11.6	15	3.5	-	1	3
28-66	92	6.6	7	2.5	-	2	5
66-85	64	8.6	11	1.4	-	0	2
85-100	79	8.1	9	1.1	-	0	2
100-125	78	8.2	9	1.1	-	0	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-13	8.5	60	-	0.33	0.02	6.06	0.80	0.10	0.16	-	0.54
13-28	9.1	59	-	0.31	0.11	5.76	0.77	0.04	0.11	-	0.46
28-66	9.4	58	-	0.31	0.21	6.29	0.86	0.03	0.09	-	0.38
66-85	9.5	60	-	0.32	0.13	9.64	0.84	0.01	0.09	-	0.39
85-100	9.5	60	-	0.30	0.15	6.44	0.85	0.01	0.08	-	0.42
100-125	9.0	61	-	0.28	0.15	9.65	0.83	0.01	0.08	-	0.39

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
66-85	38.3	33.0	11.7	0.04	0.06	0.04	-	1.29
100-125	38.3	33.0	11.8	0.03	0.11	0.04	-	1.29

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
66-85	0.26	0.13	14.1	98.9	2.0	8.7	1.6	4.4
100-125	0.24	0.10	14.1	99.0	2.0	8.6	1.6	4.4

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-13	30.9	0.17	13.6	0.07	0.16	-	39.3	1.59
13-28	30.2	0.21	12.8	0.07	0.19	-	38.9	1.59
28-66	32.1	0.16	13.0	0.06	0.17	-	38.4	1.62
66-85	32.0	0.14	13.2	0.05	0.13	-	38.6	1.64
85-100	32.1	0.14	13.3	0.05	0.13	-	39.0	1.66
100-125	32.1	0.15	13.4	0.05	0.14	-	39.2	1.68

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-13	3.6	15.4	0.49	0.15	2.2	7.7	1.7
13-28	3.7	14.5	1.68	0.10	2.2	8.1	1.7
28-66	3.9	14.1	0.38	0.11	2.0	7.9	1.6
66-85	3.8	13.6	0.35	0.09	2.0	7.8	1.6
85-100	3.8	13.6	0.33	0.08	2.1	7.8	1.6
100-125	3.8	13.6	0.34	0.08	2.1	7.8	1.6

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-13	-	-	-	medium	-	-	large	-	small	small	-	-
13-28	-	-	-	medium	-	-	large	-	small	small	-	-
28-66	-	-	-	medium	-	-	large	-	small	small	-	-
66-85	-	-	-	medium	-	-	medium	-	small	small	-	-
85-100	-	-	-	medium	-	-	medium	-	small	small	-	-
100-125	-	-	-	medium	-	-	medium	-	small	small	-	-

Sand mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Heavy Frac. sand % w/w	K-Feldspar % w/w	Light Fra. sand % w/w	Opaque % w/w	Plagioclase % w/w	Quartz % w/w
0-13	44.4	2	55.6	72	24	57
13-28	55.9	-	44.1	76	19	63
28-66	11.9	-	88.1	76	17	65
66-85	32.6	1	67.4	99	10	76
85-100	58	-	42	99	6	86
100-125	53.8	-	46.2	99	4	90

Minerals

Depth (cm)	Anatase % w/w	Andalusite % w/w	Apatite % w/w	Augite % w/w	Biotite % w/w	Hornblende (basaltic) % w/w
0-13	-	-	-	8	-	-
13-28	-	-	-	6	-	-
28-66	-	-	-	6	-	-
66-85	-	-	-	11	-	7
85-100	-	-	-	8	-	17
100-125	-	-	-	3	-	31

Depth (cm)	Grenate % w/w	Grossular % w/w	Muscovite % w/w	Rutile % w/w	Sillimanite % w/w	Spinel % w/w
85-100	2	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap1 0-13 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay,strong very fine granular,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),abrupt wavy boundary to,
Ap2 13-28 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay,strong very fine granular and weak fine and medium angular blocky,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,few fine distinct clear mottles (7.5 YR 2/0),no cutans,common very fine interstitial pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),abrupt smooth boundary to,
2Bwg 28-66 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay,weak medium angular blocky,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,common fine distinct clear mottles (7.5 YR 2/0) and many fine distinct mottles (7.5 YR 5/8),patchy thin manganese (hydr-)oxide in root channels and pores cutans,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),gradual smooth boundary to,
2Bw1 66-85 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist)clay,weak medium angular blocky to weak medium subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,many medium prominent sharp mottles (7.5 YR 2/0),patchy thin manganese (hydr-)oxide in root channels and pores cutans,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),clear smooth boundary to,
3Bw2 85-100 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist)clay,weak medium subangular blocky,very friable sticky plastic,common medium distinct clear mottles (7.5 YR 2/0),patchy thin manganese (hydr-)oxide in root channels and pores cutans,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),gradual smooth boundary to,
3BC 100-125 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)clay,weak medium subangular blocky,very friable sticky plastic,few medium distinct clear mottles (7.5 YR 2/0),no cutans,common very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	slope wash
Soil Depth	125cm
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	not apparent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	banana
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Whole area is completely cleared of its original vegetation and has been transformed into arable and village land. Cultivation of rainfed annual foodcrops, fruits and vegetables.

Altitude	140m
Physiographic Unit	alluvial fan of Gunung Salak volcano, dissected terrace of Kali Angke river
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial fan
Slope	2%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	irregular
Nature of flood water	oxygenated
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	slow

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 01: Lixisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID001: Lixisols

Classification