Reference soil Indonesia 02: Cambisol

ID002

Cambisols occur mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the world, where the soil’s parent material is still young or where low temperatures slow down the processes of soil formation.

Characteristics

Soils having either a cambic horizon (a horizon showing evidence of alteration with respect to the underlying material), or a mollic horizon overlying a subsoil, which has a base saturation of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or one of the following diagnostic horizons within the specified depth: an andic, vertic, or vitric horizon starting between 25 and 100 cm; a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon starting between 50 and 100 cm, in absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons.

Distribution of Cambisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID002: Cambisols

CLASSIFICATION: The soil has more than 12kg/m² organic carbon between the mineral surface and a depth of 100cm. PHYSIOGRAPHY: Footslope area of Gunung Pangrango volcano. PARENT MATERIAL: Intermediate volcanic tuff. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Abandoned rubber plantation. Rough grassland with some residual rubber trees. Whole area is cleared of its original vegetation and has been transformed into arable land, exclusive of some more remote places which are covered with secondary shrubs and trees. REFERENCES: - P. Buurman et al, 1980: "Red soils in Indonesia", pp. 24-47; Pudoc, Wageningen.

Classification

WRB 2006

Ferralic- Cambisol (Alumic Humic Clayic)

5-170 cm	cambic horizon
-	ferralic

5-170 cm	cambic horizon
-	ferralic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Dystri-Ferralic Cambisol

Ferralic Cambisol

0-30 cm	ochric A horizon
5-170 cm	cambic B horizon
-	ferralic

0-30 cm	ochric A horizon
5-170 cm	cambic B horizon
-	ferralic
-	weatherable minerals

Local classification:	Kambisol Oksik (PPT-Bogor, 1981)

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Humitropept udic very fine halloysitic isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	0.3	1.1	2.0	2.8	1.3	7.5	3.1	10.0	13.1	79.4
5-30	-	0.1	0.7	2.1	3.4	1.6	7.9	3.6	8.4	12	80.2
30-75	-	0.2	0.5	1.6	2.6	1.3	6.2	3.0	9.2	12.2	81.7
75-120	-	0.1	0.4	1.4	2.1	1.1	5.1	4.4	7.5	11.9	83.0
120-170	-	0.1	0.3	1.3	2.3	1.1	5.1	3.3	9.4	12.7	82.2

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	-	-	22.0	79.4
12-26	0.980	-	-	-	-
83-95	0.910	-	-	-	-
5-30	-	153	-	25.1	80.2
30-75	-	162	-	1.5	81.7
39-60	0.970	-	-	-	-
75-120	-	165	-	0.0	83.0
120-170	-	165	-	0.0	82.2

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
12-26	0.980	66.4	61.2	52.9	46.0	42.9	39.7	27.4	27.1
83-95	0.910	73.9	69.5	58.9	48.1	44.8	42.0	32.6	32.2
39-60	0.970	70.5	66.7	55.8	46.4	43.5	41.1	31.3	30.8

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-5	4.8	4.0	0.19	-	3.06	0.22	14	1.5	1.0	3.4	1.0	0.2	0.2	4.8
5-30	4.8	3.9	0.06	-	3.02	0.22	14	3.0	2.5	0.9	0.3	0.2	0.1	1.5
30-75	4.8	3.8	0.03	-	1.19	0.10	12	4.8	4.1	0.9	0.7	0.2	0.1	1.9
75-120	5.1	3.8	0.03	-	0.56	-	-	3.2	2.4	2.7	1.4	0.4	0.1	4.6
120-170	5.2	3.9	0.03	-	0.44	-	-	5.9	1.6	2.2	1.2	0.4	0.1	3.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-5	30	15.8	20	10.7	-	6	1
5-30	10	15.2	19	10.6	-	16	1
30-75	14	14	17	4.2	-	29	1
75-120	30	15.3	18	2.0	-	16	1
120-170	27	14.5	18	1.5	-	11	1

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-5	9.1	72	-	0.44	0.06	5.05	0.89	0.51	0.28	-	0.72
5-30	9.5	80	-	0.56	0.02	5.15	1.08	0.72	0.37	-	0.75
30-75	9.5	77	-	0.51	0.20	5.19	1.11	0.45	0.24	-	0.69
75-120	9.4	76	-	0.52	0.18	7.50	0.93	0.25	0.25	-	0.74
120-170	9.5	76	-	0.54	0.09	7.36	0.88	0.19	0.21	-	0.80

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-5	29.5	0.52	12.2	0.13	0.42	-	38.6	1.42
5-30	29.6	0.47	12.4	0.13	0.51	-	38.8	1.47
30-75	31.6	0.33	12.5	0.11	0.30	-	39.9	1.43
75-120	31.3	0.34	12.5	0.08	0.21	-	39.3	1.41
120-170	32.5	0.31	12.4	0.07	0.19	-	40.9	1.37

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-5	3.8	16.9	0.32	0.16	2.2	8.4	1.8
5-30	3.7	16.9	0.34	0.15	2.2	8.3	1.8
30-75	4.0	14.4	0.34	0.12	2.1	8.5	1.7
75-120	3.9	13.6	0.38	0.11	2.1	8.4	1.7
120-170	4.1	13.6	0.36	0.11	2.1	8.8	1.7

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-5	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	very small	-	-	-
5-30	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	very small	-	-	-
30-75	-	-	-	-	very small	-	-	very small	medium	-	-	-
75-120	-	-	-	-	small	-	very small	-	-	-	-	-
120-170	-	-	-	-	small	-	very small	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-5 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/2, moist)clay,weak to moderate medium crumb and weak fine and medium subangular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,many very fine inped interstitial pores and many exped interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),around nodules concretions,very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,abrupt wavy boundary to,
Bw1 5-30 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay,weak to moderate medium subangular blocky,hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,patchy thin clay and humus in root channels and pores cutans,common very fine fine exped and inped interstitial pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),very few small spherical hard manganiferous concretions,very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw2 30-75 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)clay,weak medium subangular blocky,very hard firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),very few small spherical hard manganiferous concretions,very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw3 75-100 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay,weak medium subangular blocky to weak medium angular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),very few small spherical hard manganiferous concretions,very few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw4 100-170 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay,weak medium angular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),around nodules concretions,few fine gravel weathered tuff fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Soil Depth	100cm
Texture of parent material	mixed
Texture of parent material (second entry)	mixed

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Abandoned rubber plantation. Rough grassland with some residual rubber trees. Whole area is cleared of its original vegetation and has been transformed into arable land, exclusive of some more remote
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	450m
Physiographic Unit	dissected volcanic footslope of the Gunung Pangrango volcano
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	piedmont
Slope	20%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	hilly

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 02: Cambisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID002: Cambisols

Classification