Reference soil Indonesia 03: Luvisol

ID003

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID003: Luvisols

PHYSIOGRAPHY: Lower slope of Gunung Pangrango volcanic cone. PARENT MATERIAL: Intermediate (andesitic) volcanic ash (0-69 cm) over volcanic tuff with approximately 20% andesite gravel. Thelatter parent material consists of two ash deposits (69-85 and 85-125+ cm), which is marked by the occurence of a weakly developed 3Ah-horizon. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Tea estate. Whole area is cleared of its original vegetation, the more remote places being covered with secondary shrubs and trees. REFERENCES: - P. Buurman et al, 1980: "Red soils in Indonesia", pp. 24-47; Pudoc, Wageningen.

Classification

WRB 2006

Andic-Cutanic- Luvisol (Ruptic Humic Epidystric)

0-69 cm	umbric horizon
44-69 cm	argic horizon
69-150 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic
-	lithological discontinuity

0-69 cm	umbric horizon
44-69 cm	argic horizon
69-150 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic
-	lithological discontinuity

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Andi-Humic Alisol

Orthic Luvisol

0-69 cm	umbric A horizon
44-69 cm	argic B horizon
69-150 cm	cambic B horizon
-	andic
-	weatherable minerals

0-69 cm	umbric A horizon
44-69 cm	argillic B horizon
69-150 cm	cambic B horizon
-	exchange complex dominated by amorphous material

Local classification:	Kambisol Distrik (PPT-Bogor, 1981)

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Alfic Hapludand

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-20	11	8.2	12.3	9.5	7.0	4.2	41.2	8.1	25.5	33.6	25.2
20-44	10	10.4	13.5	11.0	7.5	4.2	46.6	7.3	19.9	27.2	26.2
44-69	2	3.1	4.4	5.1	5.3	5.9	23.8	16.7	25.4	42.1	34.3
69-85	11	1.8	6.7	10.9	16.9	12.9	49.2	13.9	21.4	35.3	15.5
85-101	1	4.4	13.5	16.5	17.5	23.6	75.5	4.2	8.5	12.7	11.8
101-126	0	1.2	7.4	15.9	23.3	11.3	59.1	10.1	16.3	26.4	14.5
126-150	5	5.0	19.7	23.6	18.0	7.2	73.5	4.4	10.8	15.2	11.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-20	-	-	-	6.6	25.2
5-15	0.460	-	-	-	-
20-44	-	-	-	5.4	26.2
23-40	0.410	-	-	-	-
44-69	-	-	-	9.1	34.3
50-67	0.390	-	-	-	-
69-85	-	-	-	1.0	15.5
85-101	-	-	-	0.0	11.8
101-126	-	-	-	0.0	14.5
126-150	-	-	-	0.0	11.4

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
5-15	0.460	32.6	32.0	27.9	22.7	19.8	16.5	14.1	13.0
23-40	0.410	34.0	30.0	23.3	19.0	17.4	15.6	11.3	10.5
50-67	0.390	36.2	33.5	25.0	19.1	17.3	15.5	12.3	12.1

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-20	5.0	4.5	0.24	-	4.15	0.49	8	-	-	3.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	3.8
20-44	5.3	4.6	0.22	-	4.10	0.43	10	-	-	5.7	0.3	0.4	0.3	6.7
44-69	5.9	4.9	0.09	-	1.82	0.19	10	-	-	10.2	1.1	0.4	0.7	12.4
69-85	6.2	5.4	0.08	-	1.56	0.17	9	-	-	9.2	1.0	0.2	0.5	10.9
85-101	6.1	5.1	0.11	-	1.11	-	-	-	-	11.2	1.6	0.2	1.0	14
101-126	5.9	5.1	0.14	-	1.01	0.14	7	-	-	8.3	1.7	0.2	1.9	12.1
126-150	5.8	5.1	0.14	-	1.09	0.14	8	-	-	5.3	1.8	0.2	3.7	11

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-20	18	20.7	82	14.5	-	-	1
20-44	32	20.9	80	14.4	-	-	1
44-69	57	21.8	64	6.4	-	-	3
69-85	59	18.5	119	5.5	-	-	3
85-101	63	22.4	190	3.9	-	-	4
101-126	54	22.5	155	3.5	-	-	8
126-150	52	21.1	185	3.8	-	-	18

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-20	10.5	96	-	2.82	0.14	2.88	1.54	0.27	0.72	-	1.31
20-44	10.4	93	-	2.34	1.19	2.74	1.23	0.25	0.67	-	1.11
44-69	10.0	94	-	1.64	0.87	4.91	1.56	0.35	0.35	-	1.70
69-85	10.3	99	-	4.32	2.27	5.23	2.05	0.10	0.37	-	2.12
85-101	10.1	97	-	2.61	1.52	5.16	1.65	0.14	0.43	-	2.06
101-126	10.1	98	-	3.85	2.18	5.50	2.05	0.09	0.35	-	1.91
126-150	10.2	99	-	4.65	3.22	5.67	2.03	0.08	0.38	-	1.74

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-20	23.2	3.00	9.5	0.49	3.20	-	41.5	1.02
20-44	22.1	3.57	9.9	0.52	2.78	-	42.2	1.03
44-69	27.8	1.41	12.1	0.29	2.11	-	40.9	1.26
69-85	29.7	1.27	12.8	0.16	0.42	-	34.9	1.31
85-101	29.8	0.90	12.9	0.18	0.45	-	37.5	1.35
101-126	29.7	0.79	13.2	0.22	0.41	-	36.6	1.39
126-150	29.8	0.68	13.0	0.34	2.08	-	36.7	1.37

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-20	3.8	18.1	0.30	0.47	3.0	11.6	2.4
20-44	3.5	16.4	0.33	0.41	3.2	11.3	2.5
44-69	3.6	15.0	0.45	0.33	2.5	9.0	2.0
69-85	3.6	16.3	0.42	0.49	2.0	7.3	1.6
85-101	3.6	14.9	0.45	0.49	2.1	7.7	1.7
101-126	3.5	15.1	0.41	0.55	2.1	7.4	1.6
126-150	3.6	15.3	0.39	0.58	2.1	7.5	1.6

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-20	-	-	-	-	medium	-	small	-	-	-	-	-
20-44	-	-	-	-	medium	-	very small	-	-	-	-	-
44-69	-	-	-	-	medium	-	very small	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap 0-20 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)loam slightly gravelly,moderately coherent fine crumb,soft very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),very few fine gravel fresh andesite fresh tuff fragments,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Ah 20-44 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)sandy clay loam slightly gravelly,moderately coherent fine crumb to weak coarse subangular blocky,soft very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common heterogeneous faint diffuse mottles (10 YR 3/1),broken thin clay and humus throughout cutans,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few fine gravel fresh andesite fresh tuff fragments,gradual wavy boundary to,
Bw1 44-69 cm	(7.5YR 3/3, moist)clay loam slightly gravelly,weak coarse subangular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many heterogeneous faint diffuse mottles (7.5 YR 3/1),broken moderately thick clay and humus throughout cutans,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),very few fine gravel fresh andesite weathered tuff fragments,abrupt smooth boundary to,
2Bw2 69-85 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)loam gravelly,weak coarse subangular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common heterogeneous faint diffuse mottles (7.5 YR 3.5/2),broken thin clay and humus throughout cutans,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent fine gravel weathered andesite weathered tuff fragments,gradual wavy boundary to,
3Ah 85-101 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)loam gravelly,weak coarse subangular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many heterogeneous faint diffuse mottles (7.5 YR 3.5/2),broken thin clay and humus throughout cutans,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent fine gravel weathered andesite weathered tuff fragments,abrupt smooth boundary to,
3Bw 101-150 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)sandy loam gravelly,weak coarse subangular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic weakly smeary,no cutans,many very fine fine interstitial pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent fine gravel weathered andesite weathered tuff fragments,

Depth1	69cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	residual material
Soil Depth	101cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	gravelly

Major crops	tea
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Whole area is cleared of its original vegetation, the more remote places being covered with secondary shrubs and trees.
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	900m
Physiographic Unit	lower slope of Gunung Pangrango volcano
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	volcano
Slope	25%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	steeply dissected

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	somewhat excessive

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 03: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID003: Luvisols

Classification