Reference soil Indonesia 05: Gleysol

ID005

Gleysols occur throughout the world where groundwater comes near to the surface, causing soils to become wet for a prolonged part of the year. They are particularly abundant in the low-lying river basins.

Characteristics

Soils having gleyic properties (properties associated with prolonged wetness) within 50 cm from the soil surface. They have no diagnostic horizons other than an anthraquic, histic, mollic, ochric, takyric, or umbric horizon at the surface, or an andic, calcic, cambic, gypsic, plinthic, salic, sulfuric, or vitric horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Gleysols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID005: Gleysols

LOCATION: Gunung Leuser National park. GEOLOGY: Eocene-Miocene regressive sediments, mixture of kaolinite, halloysite and gibbsite. VEGETATION: "blang vegetation", subalpine zone. CLIMATE: the mean annual temperature at site is estimated to be 11 °C. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Ah1 - plant structures are sometimes discernible. Ah2 - colour tends to 10YR 2/3; peat mixed with only a bit anorganic sandy loam; in the lower part the colour changes to 7.5YR 2/3. Bw - intensively mixed with decomposed organic material; mottles occur along roots. C1 - colour tends to 10YR 7/1. C2 - the argilleous inclusions (clay concentrations) occur in the lower part, their colour is N 6/1 to N 7/1; the mottles occur along thin cracks. Just below the Ah appears to exist a more white coloured layer of about 5 cm which has not been recognized in the field, probably due to wet circumstances. Nature of this horizon is not yet stated. REFERENCES: - Van Beek, C.C.G., 1982. Een geomorfologische bodemkundige studie van het Gunung Leuser nationale park, Noord Sumatra, Indonesie (in Dutch). Utrechtse geografische studies 26. Geografisch instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Classification

WRB 2006

Histic- Gleysol (Hyperdystric)

0-30 cm	histic horizon
-	gleyic colour pattern
-	reducing conditions

0-30 cm	histic horizon
-	gleyic colour pattern
-	reducing conditions

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Umbri-Andic Gleysol

Humic Gleysol

0-30 cm	histic H horizon
30-40 cm	cambic B horizon
-	andic
-	gleyic

0-30 cm	histic H horizon
30-40 cm	cambic B horizon
-	hydromorphic

Local classification:	Bandahara Blang

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Typic Endoaquand

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-30	-	1.1	2.9	9.6	30.0	16.1	59.7	8.1	25.0	33.1	7.1
30-40	-	0.5	3.8	19.0	34.7	13.3	71.3	5.1	10.7	15.8	12.9
40-55	-	1.7	2.3	5.1	10.7	7.2	27	7.1	32.2	39.3	33.8
55-55	-	7.4	9.1	9.8	10.4	6.3	43	9.1	27.4	36.5	20.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-30	0.350	-	-	-	7.1
30-40	0.460	-	-	-	12.9
40-55	1.280	-	-	-	33.8
55-55	1.290	-	-	-	20.6

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-30	0.350	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
30-40	0.460	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
40-55	1.280	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
55-55	1.290	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-30	4.6	4.2	0.11	-	12.80	0.75	17	3.7	2.9	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.6
30-40	5.3	4.9	0.03	-	5.26	0.35	15	0.6	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.2
40-55	4.8	4.1	0.03	-	0.49	0.05	10	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
55-55	4.9	3.9	0.01	-	0.28	0.03	9	-	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.4	0.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-30	1	42.8	603	44.8	-	7	1
30-40	1	34.9	271	18.4	-	1	1
40-55	0	10.7	32	1.7	-	-	0
55-55	5	11.6	56	1.0	-	-	3

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-30	10.3	89	-	1.52	0.30	1.07	1.07	0.83	1.18	-	0.82
30-40	10.7	98	-	6.38	2.60	0.45	1.38	0.18	0.87	-	0.09
40-55	10.2	-	-	0.48	0.00	0.07	0.16	0.03	0.25	-	0.04
55-55	9.8	-	-	0.31	0.00	0.12	0.11	0.02	0.11	-	0.08

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-30	28.6	19.6	5.8	0.02	0.44	0.40	-	4.81
30-40	23.2	42.1	3.9	0.02	0.30	0.26	-	0.53
40-55	44.9	37.0	1.8	0.01	0.23	0.58	-	1.18

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
0-30	0.01	0.48	39.1	99.2	2.5	13.3	2.1	-
30-40	0.01	0.33	28.0	98.7	0.9	16.2	0.9	-
40-55	0.01	0.18	14.3	100.2	2.1	69.2	2.0	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-30	10.2	0.81	2.3	2.01	0.29	-	53.5	0.92
30-40	23.6	1.04	3.3	2.18	0.79	-	43.5	0.52
40-55	18.4	0.01	1.4	0.62	0.17	-	70.5	1.28
55-55	23.4	0.00	1.3	1.07	0.19	-	63.5	1.31

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-30	7.0	28.1	0.02	0.06	8.9	61.9	7.8
30-40	11.2	23.4	0.04	0.02	3.1	35.1	2.9
40-55	20.6	8.7	0.01	0.0	6.5	134.1	6.2
55-55	28.2	10.1	0.01	0.0	4.6	130.0	4.4

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-30	-	-	medium	-	-	-	medium	small	-	-	-	medium
30-40	-	-	large	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	-	-
40-55	-	-	very small	-	-	-	very large	medium	-	-	-	-
55-55	-	-	-	-	-	-	large	medium	-	-	-	-

Rare clay minerals

Depth (cm)	Boehmite	Cristobalite	Jarosite	Nordstrandite	Palygorskite	Septechlorite
0-30	-	medium	-	-	-	-
30-40	-	small	-	-	-	-
40-55	-	medium	-	-	-	-
55-55	-	large	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-15 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)organic moderately,clear boundary to,
Ah2 15-30 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)yellowish brown (10YR 5/8, moist),organic highly,sandy loam,(7.5 YR 4/6),clear wavy boundary to,abrupt boundary to,
C1 40-65 cm	(7.5YR 7/1, moist)clay loam,very fine angular blocky to ME platy,common mottles (7.5 YR 7/8),clear boundary to,
C2 65-190 cm	white (10YR 8/2, moist)loam,common mottles (7.5 YR 6/8),large spherical argillaceous unspecified inclusions,medium gravel quartz fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Remarks on Parent Materials	Kemiri Series (Eocene-Miocene)
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: "Blang vegetation", subalpine zone: low shrubs, grasses, scattered low trees
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	shrub

Altitude	2670m
Physiographic Unit	plateau on mountain Bandahara
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	1%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	concave
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	poor
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow

You are here

Reference soil Indonesia 05: Gleysol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID005: Gleysols

Classification