Reference soil Indonesia 07: Andosol

ID007

Andosols occur throughout the world where volcanic activity is common, especially in the circum-Pacific region and along the mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Characteristics

Soils with a vitric or andic horizon (slightly to moderately weathered horizons in pyroclastic deposits dominated by short-range-order minerals, notably allophane and imogolite) starting within 25 cm from the soil surface. In addition, they may have a histic, fulvic, melanic, mollic, umbric, ochric, duric, or cambic horizon. Other diagnostic horizons (unless buried deeper than 50 cm by volcanic deposits) are absent.

Distribution of Andosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID007: Andosols

LOCATION: Gunung Leuser National Park. CLIMATE: the mean annual temperature at site is estimated to be 18 °C. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: O - litter layer over partly decomposed organic material. Ah - mottling specially in the lower part of the horizon, abundance <5%; many cracks occur when drying out (in the laboratory). AB - mottling along small roots. B - thin ferruginous crusts on few roots; roots mostly horizontal; along cracks and ped faces shiny surfaces; rock fragments at 35 cm depth. BC - colour tends to 10YR 7/8; thin ferruginous crusts along mostly horizontal cracks (fibers). C - on top of the layer and along horizontal cracks ferruginous (7.5YR 5/8) fibers; original rock structure discernible. REFERENCES: - Van Beek, C.C.G., 1982. Een geomorfologische bodemkundige studie van het Gunung Leuser nationale park, Noord Sumatra, Indonesie (in Dutch). Utrechtse geografische studies 26. Geografisch instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Classification

WRB 2006

Umbric-Silandic- Andosol (Hyperdystric)

0-25 cm	umbric horizon
25-50 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic

0-25 cm	umbric horizon
25-50 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Humi-Umbric Andosol

Humic Andosol

0-25 cm	umbric A horizon
25-50 cm	cambic B horizon
-	andic

0-25 cm	umbric A horizon
25-50 cm	cambic B horizon
-	exchange complex dominated by amorphous material

Local classification:	Kapi Dataran Tinggi

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Typic Fulvudand

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
25-30	-	0.5	1.9	11.3	38.1	20.0	77.9	5.3	15.8	21.9	7.1
30-50	-	0.9	6.3	28.2	31.8	10.7	84.9	1.9	20.0	11.4	0.3
50-65	-	4.2	15.8	30.8	26.8	7.3	89.5	6.2	5.2	9	3.6
65-	-	1.2	9.5	32.7	35.9	10.2	-	4.8	4.2	-	1.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
25-30	-	-	-	-	7.1
30-50	0.380	-	-	-	0.3
50-65	0.700	-	-	-	3.6
65-	-	-	-	-	1.6

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
30-50	0.380	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
50-65	0.700	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
25-30	5.0	4.6	0.08	-	11.40	0.35	24	-	-	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.4
30-50	5.5	5.2	0.03	-	8.39	0.09	18	-	-	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.2	1.1
50-65	5.9	5.8	0.04	-	1.59	0.06	14	-	-	0.5	0.1	0.0	0.5	2.2
65-	6.0	5.8	0.05	-	0.81	-	-	-	-	1.4	-	0.1	0.7	-

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
25-30	1	60.6	-	39.9	-	-	0
30-50	3	33.6	933	29.4	-	-	0
50-65	8	29.3	-	5.6	-	-	1
65-	-	-	-	2.8	-	-	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
25-30	11.0	98	-	8.42	1.80	2.91	4.70	2.35	2.96	-	2.54
30-50	10.5	100	-	9.36	5.40	3.91	3.49	1.44	1.60	-	0.17
50-65	10.5	-	-	7.50	3.50	0.58	0.75	0.02	0.45	-	0.13
65-	10.7	-	-	9.32	3.30	0.71	0.83	0.01	0.44	-	1.77

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
25-30	18.8	28.7	11.0	0.01	0.22	0.16	-	2.21
30-50	19.8	33.7	12.3	0.06	0.52	0.32	-	0.76
50-65	37.8	56.3	0.8	0.10	4.31	0.10	0.06	0.27

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
25-30	0.01	0.23	38.6	100.0	1.1	4.6	0.9	-
30-50	0.02	0.13	32.6	100.2	1.0	4.4	0.8	-
50-65	0.01	0.20	-	-	1.1	123.1	1.2	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
25-30	20.5	0.45	7.7	1.01	0.39	-	32.7	0.86
30-50	25.7	0.63	8.1	1.12	0.56	-	31.5	0.59
50-65	27.9	1.81	4.0	2.07	0.76	-	44.9	0.40
65-	28.2	2.05	4.6	1.8	0.9	-	44.6	0.5

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
25-30	4.2	36.9	0.02	0.08	2.7	11.3	2.2
30-50	5.0	31.4	0.03	0.06	2.1	10.4	1.7
50-65	10.9	16.7	0.06	0.02	2.7	29.9	2.5
65-	9.6	16.0	0.1	0.0	2.7	25.8	2.4

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
25-30	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	small	-	weak to medium

Rare clay minerals

Depth (cm)	Boehmite	Cristobalite	Jarosite	Nordstrandite	Palygorskite	Septechlorite
25-30	-	medium	-	-	-	-
30-50	-	small	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Oi 0-5 cm	(5YR 2/4, moist)organic slightly,abrupt boundary to,
Ah 5-25 cm	(7.5YR 2/3, moist)dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist),clay loam,clay loam organic highly,crumb,common mottles (5 YR 3/6),(7.5 YR 4/6),abrupt boundary to,abrupt boundary to,
B 30-50 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)sandy loam,weathered hard andesite fragments,clear boundary to,
50-65 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/8, moist)clay loam,frequent fresh mineral fragments,gradual boundary to,
C 65- cm	yellow (10YR 7/8, moist)sandy clay loam,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	igneous rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	andesitic agglomerate
Texture of parent material	loamy

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Transition submontane to montane
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	primary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	closed forest

Altitude	1590m
Physiographic Unit	plateau of volcanic origin
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	slow

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Reference soil Indonesia 07: Andosol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID007: Andosols

Classification