Reference soil Indonesia 11: Andosol

ID011

Andosols occur throughout the world where volcanic activity is common, especially in the circum-Pacific region and along the mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Characteristics

Soils with a vitric or andic horizon (slightly to moderately weathered horizons in pyroclastic deposits dominated by short-range-order minerals, notably allophane and imogolite) starting within 25 cm from the soil surface. In addition, they may have a histic, fulvic, melanic, mollic, umbric, ochric, duric, or cambic horizon. Other diagnostic horizons (unless buried deeper than 50 cm by volcanic deposits) are absent.

Distribution of Andosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID011: Andosols

LOCATION: In enclosure for weather station and pumphouse. LAND USE: at site grass, in the surroundings intensive vegetable production such as beans, cabbages, onions, carrots, corn, potatoes, etc. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: A11b - also many fine interstitial pores; A12b - also many fine interstitial pores; B2b - also many fine interstitial pores; all horizons are light weight and appear to have low bulk density. REFERENCES: - Chartres, C.J. & Van Reuler, H., 1985. Mineralogical changes with depth in a layered Andosol near Bandung, Java (Indonesia). Journal of Soil Science, vol. 36, pp 173 - 186.

Classification

WRB 2006

Umbric-Hydric-Silandic- Andosol (Hyperdystric Thixotropic Siltic)

0-162 cm	umbric horizon
-	andic

0-162 cm	umbric horizon
-	andic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Pachi-Umbric Andosol

Humic Andosol

0-162 cm	umbric A horizon
-	andic

0-162 cm	umbric A horizon
-	exchange complex dominated by amorphous material

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Thaptic Fulvudand
USDA-SCS (1975)	Thaptic Dystrandept udic ashy over medial isothermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-12	-	1.1	1.8	4.4	9.8	6.3	23.4	11.5	41.3	52.8	23.7
12-26	-	0.7	1.5	4.5	9.9	5.9	22.5	14.3	42.9	57.2	20.3
26-40	-	0.5	0.6	3.7	10.6	4.1	19.5	18.5	50.2	68.7	11.8
40-78	-	0.6	0.7	1.7	4.8	3.2	11	20.6	51.4	72	16.9
78-107	-	0.0	0.1	0.9	4.1	2.9	8	14.7	57.2	71.9	20.0
107-132	-	0.1	0.4	1.0	2.8	2.6	6.9	20.2	53.0	73.2	19.9
132-141	-	0.7	1.5	1.5	2.7	2.7	9.1	20.7	51.1	71.8	19.0
141-162	-	0.1	0.3	0.5	2.5	1.6	5	21.4	48.2	69.6	25.3
162-210	-	0.1	0.1	0.4	2.7	2.6	5.9	21.6	49.3	70.9	23.2
210-236	-	0.1	0.2	0.5	1.6	1.4	3.8	55.5	26.8	82.3	14.0
236-270	-	0.5	0.6	0.8	1.4	1.5	4.8	23.5	51.3	74.8	20.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-12	-	-	-	-	23.7
12-26	-	-	-	-	20.3
26-40	-	-	-	-	11.8
40-78	-	-	-	-	16.9
78-107	-	-	-	-	20.0
107-132	-	-	-	-	19.9
132-141	-	-	-	-	19.0
141-162	-	-	-	-	25.3
162-210	-	-	-	-	23.2
210-236	-	-	-	-	14.0
236-270	-	-	-	-	20.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-12	5.4	4.5	0.09	-	10.56	0.16	66	0.8	0.4	4.8	0.6	0.2	0.1	5.7
12-26	4.8	4.3	0.16	-	6.94	0.67	10	1.8	1.3	1.6	0.1	0.1	0.0	1.8
26-40	5.2	4.9	0.05	-	5.60	0.40	14	0.4	0.2	2.6	0.2	0.1	0.2	3.1
40-78	6.0	5.2	0.03	-	11.66	0.38	31	0	0	16.4	3.0	0.3	0.2	19.9
78-107	5.9	5.1	0.05	-	14.28	0.35	41	-	-	11.5	2.1	0.1	0.2	13.9
107-132	5.8	5.1	0.06	-	10.97	0.32	-	0	0	7.8	1.7	0.3	0.1	9.9
132-141	5.6	5.1	0.07	-	9.16	0.23	40	0	0	3.8	0.5	0.3	0.1	4.7
141-162	5.5	5.0	0.07	-	9.59	0.25	38	0	0	3.1	0.4	0.5	0.1	4.1
162-210	5.5	5.2	0.07	-	3.28	0.09	36	0	0	3.6	0.5	0.1	0.8	5
210-236	5.1	4.8	0.08	-	6.39	0.10	64	1.9	1.6	3.7	0.7	0.5	0.6	5.5
236-270	5.2	4.8	0.07	-	1.80	0.08	23	0.3	0	2.1	0.6	0.4	0.7	3.8

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-12	9	65.7	277	14.0	-	1	0
12-26	3	64	315	24.3	-	2	0
26-40	5	67.9	575	19.6	-	0	0
40-78	18	112.6	666	33.2	-	0	0
78-107	13	104.2	521	30.6	-	-	0
107-132	10	101.2	509	28.0	-	0	0
132-141	5	90.2	475	20.1	-	0	0
141-162	4	101.1	400	21.9	-	0	0
162-210	6	85.4	368	7.6	-	0	1
210-236	8	70.5	504	8.8	-	2	1
236-270	6	63.5	311	6.3	-	0	1

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-12	10.0	96	-	5.71	2.37	3.35	1.91	0.60	1.12	-	1.92
12-26	10.1	98	-	6.02	2.57	3.44	1.95	0.58	1.17	-	1.98
26-40	10.2	99	-	8.22	4.15	3.59	2.25	0.23	0.66	-	1.89
40-78	10.3	99	-	6.79	2.83	5.68	2.78	2.27	1.69	-	3.63
78-107	10.3	99	-	7.72	3.40	5.87	3.57	2.03	1.70	-	3.26
107-132	10.3	99	-	10.30	4.53	7.36	4.13	1.35	1.32	-	4.57
132-141	10.2	99	-	9.16	4.70	8.17	4.39	0.68	0.98	-	4.45
141-162	10.2	99	-	10.40	5.49	8.08	4.95	1.14	1.44	-	4.70
162-210	10.1	99	-	12.20	7.57	9.57	4.29	0.11	0.57	-	4.54
210-236	8.7	95	-	2.31	0.64	9.30	2.23	4.25	0.89	-	5.89
236-270	10.0	99	-	8.62	6.05	8.56	3.20	0.13	0.42	-	4.50

Profile description

Ap1 0-12 cm	very dark brown (10YR 2/2, moist)silt loam,weak fine subangular blocky parting to moderate fine granular,friable non sticky slightly plastic,many fine interstitial pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Ap2 12-26 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)silt loam,weak fine subangular blocky parting to weak fine granular,friable non sticky slightly plastic,many fine interstitial pores,clear wavy boundary to,
B 26-40 cm	(7.5YR 3/3, moist)silt loam,moderate fine subangular blocky,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic weakly smeary,unspecified on pedfaces cutans,common very fine fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,clear wavy boundary to,
2Ahb1 40-78 cm	silt loammoderate fine subangular blocky parting to moderate fine granular,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few medium tubular pores and many tubular pores,few small nodules,gradual smooth boundary to,
2Ahb2 78-107 cm	silty clay loammoderate medium subangular blocky parting to moderate fine angular blocky,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic weakly smeary,few medium tubular pores and many tubular pores,frequent small nodules,clear smooth boundary to,
2Ahb3 107-132 cm	black (10YR 2/1, moist)silty clay loam,moderate fine angular blocky to subangular blocky,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic weakly smeary,unspecified on pedfaces cutans,many fine medium tubular pores and many interstitial pores,frequent small nodules,clear smooth boundary to,
2Bwb 132-141 cm	very dark brown (10YR 2/2, moist)silty clay loam,weak medium subangular blocky parting to moderate fine angular blocky,firm slightly sticky plastic,few medium tubular pores and many tubular pores,frequent small nodules,few fine gravel weathered red rock fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
3Ahb 141-162 cm	black (10YR 2/1, moist)silty clay loam,moderate medium subangular blocky parting to moderate fine angular blocky,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,unspecified on pedfaces cutans,common fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,frequent small nodules,few fine gravel weathered rock fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
3Bwb 162-210 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)silty clay loam,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common fine interstitial pores,frequent small nodules,few fine gravel weathered gravel fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
4Ahb 210-236 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, moist)silty clay loam,moderate fine angular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few fine interstitial pores,few small nodules,few fine gravel weathered gravel fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
4Bwb 236-270 cm	(10YR 3.5/4, moist)silty clay loam,moderate medium angular blocky,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,few fine interstitial pores,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Remarks on Parent Materials	Quaternary andesitic ash
Texture of parent material	loamy

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	non-agricultural land
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Grass, in area of vegetable production LANDUSE: In vicinity intensive vegetable production such as beans, cabbages, onions, carrots, corn, potatoes, etc.
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	grassland

Altitude	1200m
Physiographic Unit	footslope of Mt. Bukit Tungul
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	volcano
Slope	4%
Slope Aspect	south-east
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-270cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline

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Reference soil Indonesia 11: Andosol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID011: Andosols

Classification