Reference soil Indonesia 15: Ferralsol

ID015

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID015: Ferralsols

CLIMATE: No weather station in the vicinity. Nearest major weather stations are Sibu (330 km) and Kuching (338 km). ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Bw1 - also common medium and coarse roots. Bw2 - slightly heavier than the Bw1 horizon. Bw3 - slightly higher sand content than the upper horizons; also few medium and coarse roots. Bw4 - multicoloured : also 7YR5/8 (15%), 10YR6/7 (10%) and 5YR5/8 (5%). In the horizons Bw1, Bw2, Bw3 and Bw4 vague indications for clay illuviation have been found with a maximum in the Bw2 horizon. REFERENCE: - H. van Reuler. Soil Studies in the Bukit Raya Nature Reserve. In: H.P. Nooteboom (ed.). Report of the 1982-1983 Bukit Raya Expidition, Soil studies - forest mosaic analyses - Pollen and spore record - Vegetation and flora - Notes on Palmae.

Classification

WRB 2006

Vetic- Ferralsol (Alumic Hyperdystric Xanthic)

4-160 cm

ferralic horizon

4-160 cm

ferralic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Alumi-Xanthic Ferralsol

Xanthic Ferralsol

0-15 cm	ochric A horizon
4-160 cm	ferralic B horizon

0-15 cm	ochric A horizon
4-160 cm	oxic B horizon

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Xanthic Hapludox
USDA-SCS (1975)	Xanthic Haplorthox fine kaolinitic isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-4	-	2.0	12.1	13.2	13.4	8.9	49.6	5.9	9.9	15.8	34.5
4-15	-	1.7	9.0	10.1	12.8	9.5	43.1	5.1	11.4	16.5	40.4
15-39	-	1.8	8.1	9.0	11.7	9.0	39.6	3.5	14.6	18.1	42.3
39-73	-	2.9	8.5	8.3	11.2	9.7	40.6	6.3	11.5	17.8	41.6
73-104	-	3.1	8.2	8.3	11.4	9.2	40.2	4.8	13.7	18.5	41.5
104-138	-	3.1	7.3	7.3	9.5	8.0	35.2	1.9	16.4	18.3	46.3
138-160	-	3.2	7.5	6.7	8.7	7.2	33.3	0.5	18.7	19.2	47.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-4	-	-	-	7.1	34.5
4-15	-	-	-	0.6	40.4
15-39	-	-	-	0.0	42.3
39-73	-	-	-	0.0	41.6
73-104	-	44	-	0.0	41.5
104-138	-	-	-	0.0	46.3
138-160	-	51	-	0.0	47.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-4	4.3	3.3	0.23	-	10.20	0.55	19	2.9	2.6	0.0	0.3	0.4	0.0	0.7
4-15	4.0	3.9	0.12	-	1.21	0.09	13	2.7	2.4	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1
15-39	4.5	4.0	0.04	-	0.49	0.05	10	1.9	1.8	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4
39-73	4.8	4.1	0.02	-	0.43	0.04	11	1.5	1.5	0.8	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.9
73-104	4.9	4.1	0.01	-	0.30	-	-	1.3	1.8	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1
104-138	5.0	4.1	0.01	-	0.28	-	-	1.3	1.1	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4
138-160	4.9	4.1	0.01	-	0.24	-	-	1.4	1.3	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.3

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-4	3	25	72	35.7	-	10	0
4-15	2	5	12	4.2	-	48	0
15-39	10	3.9	9	1.7	-	46	0
39-73	26	3.4	8	1.5	-	44	0
73-104	3	3.0	7	1.1	-	60	0
104-138	6	6.7	14	1.0	-	16	0
138-160	9	3.4	7	0.8	-	38	6

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-4	-	32	-	0.22	0.01	1.98	0.43	0.82	0.26	-	0.26
4-15	-	40	-	0.19	0.00	2.58	0.46	0.95	0.22	-	0.28
15-39	-	28	-	0.14	0.00	3.03	0.51	0.38	0.11	-	0.11
39-73	-	26	-	0.13	0.02	2.70	0.49	0.33	0.10	-	0.09
73-104	-	27	-	0.11	0.00	3.12	0.53	0.37	0.10	-	0.03
104-138	-	27	-	0.12	0.01	3.40	0.58	0.32	0.09	-	0.03
138-160	-	34	-	0.12	0.00	3.65	0.63	0.27	0.09	-	0.02

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
73-104	34.8	34.2	11.7	0.03	0.18	0.08	-	1.19
138-160	35.4	34.6	11.7	0.02	0.15	0.10	-	1.21

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
73-104	0.02	0.06	15.2	97.6	1.7	7.9	1.4	4.6
138-160	0.02	0.05	14.9	98.2	1.7	8.0	1.4	4.6

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-4	-	-	medium	medium	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	small
4-15	-	-	medium	medium	-	-	very large	-	-	-	-	large
15-39	-	-	medium	medium	-	-	very large	-	-	-	-	large
39-73	-	-	medium	medium	-	-	very large	-	-	-	-	large
73-104	-	-	medium	medium	-	-	very large	-	-	-	-	large
104-138	-	-	medium	medium	-	-	very large	-	-	-	-	large
138-160	-	-	medium	medium	-	-	very large	-	-	-	-	medium

Profile description

Ah 0-4 cm	(10YR 4/5, moist)sandy clay,strong medium granular to moderate fine subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine medium pores and common pores,abrupt wavy boundary to,
BA 4-15 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay,strong fine subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many common very fine medium pores and common pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw1 15-39 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay,strong fine subangular blocky and strong medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,patchy thin clay cutans,many very fine fine pores and common coarse pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw2 39-73 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay,strong fine subangular blocky and strong medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,patchy thin clay cutans,many very fine medium pores and common pores,clear smooth boundary to,
2Bw3 73-104 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay,strong fine and medium subangular blocky,friable sticky slightly plastic,common mottles (10YR 6/8) and common mottles (5YR 5/8),patchy thin clay cutans,common very fine medium pores,clear smooth boundary to,
2Bw4 104-138 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay,friable sticky slightly plastic,patchy thin clay cutans,common very fine fine pores and few coarse pores,clear smooth boundary to,
2Bw5 138-160 cm	(7.5YR 5.5/8, moist)sandy clay,weak medium subangular blocky,friable sticky slightly plastic,patchy thin clay cutans,very fine very fine fine pores,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	volcanic rock
Texture of parent material	sandy clay

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	primary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	150m
Physiographic Unit	slopes of Bukit Raya (1298)
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	mountain
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	steeply dissected

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 15: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID015: Ferralsols

Classification