Reference soil Indonesia 21: Andosol

ID021

Andosols occur throughout the world where volcanic activity is common, especially in the circum-Pacific region and along the mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Characteristics

Soils with a vitric or andic horizon (slightly to moderately weathered horizons in pyroclastic deposits dominated by short-range-order minerals, notably allophane and imogolite) starting within 25 cm from the soil surface. In addition, they may have a histic, fulvic, melanic, mollic, umbric, ochric, duric, or cambic horizon. Other diagnostic horizons (unless buried deeper than 50 cm by volcanic deposits) are absent.

Distribution of Andosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID021: Andosols

CLASSIFICATION: The upper 32cm constitutes a young cover of weathered andesitic ash from a Lampahan eruption, overlying strongly weathered andesitic pyroclasts of the old Geureudong volcanic system, in which the clay minerals mainly comprise poorly ordered halloysite and gibbsite. The surface horizons - from 0-32 cm - have andic properties. This is too thin for the soil to classify it as Andosol (FAO) or Andisol (USDA), but it a marginal case. The ECEC is less than 12 cmol(+)/kg clay throughout the profile, which classifies the B horizon as ferralic B; the soil is a Ferralsol (FAO). But there is no horizon where the CEC is more than 16 cmol(+)/kg clay. This excludes the presence of an oxic horizon; the soil is an Inceptisol (USDA). LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Abandoned area. Shrub land, infrequently burned. Remnants of primary forest in valleys and at remote places.

Classification

WRB 2006

Umbric-Silandic- Andosol (Thixotropic)

0-25 cm	umbric horizon
32-80 cm	ferralic horizon
-	andic
-	lithological discontinuity

0-25 cm	umbric horizon
32-80 cm	ferralic horizon
-	andic
-	lithological discontinuity

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Andi-Humic Ferralsol

Humic Ferralsol

0-25 cm	umbric A horizon
32-80 cm	ferralic B horizon
-	andic
-	smeary consistence

0-25 cm	umbric A horizon
32-80 cm	oxic B horizon

Local classification:	Latosol Umbrik (PPT-Bogor, 1981)

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	1.4	6.6	15.5	15.6	6.8	45.9	10.0	17.4	27.4	26.7
5-15	-	1.4	7.1	17.5	16.7	6.3	49	6.1	21.9	28	23.2
15-25	-	3.2	10.9	21.8	19.8	6.8	62.5	17.6	10.0	27.6	10.0
25-32	-	4.1	12.4	24.1	18.9	6.3	65.8	11.1	12.4	23.5	10.8
32-80	-	0.2	0.7	2.6	5.3	2.9	11.7	2.4	12.0	14.4	73.9
80-120	-	0.2	1.1	4.8	10.6	6.6	23.3	7.3	21.7	29	47.7

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-5	0.740	-	-	0.0	26.7
5-15	-	-	-	1.4	23.2
15-25	0.700	-	-	0.0	10.0
25-32	-	-	-	2.0	10.8
32-80	1.030	-	-	5.9	73.9
80-120	-	-	-	0.9	47.7

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-5	0.740	69.2	69.2	67.3	55.4	49.9	45.2	24.1	22.5
15-25	0.700	67.5	66.8	60.7	51.8	48.5	44.2	15.9	13.9
32-80	1.030	62.7	61.8	57.7	53.7	52.3	50.7	37.9	35.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-5	5.8	4.5	0.04	-	9.20	0.53	17	0.8	0.5	1.1	0.3	0.4	0.2	2
5-15	5.6	4.8	0.02	-	5.20	0.34	15	0.2	0.1	0.5	0.1	0.2	0.2	1.0
15-25	6.0	5.2	0.01	-	4.30	0.21	20	0	0	0.5	0.1	0.1	0.4	1.1
25-32	6.2	5.4	0.01	-	1.50	0.08	19	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.5
32-80	5.7	4.6	0.01	-	0.70	0.07	10	0.2	0	3.9	0.6	0.2	0.6	5.3
80-120	5.9	4.9	0.01	-	0.30	-	-	0.3	0	2.8	0.6	0.5	0.6	4.5

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-5	11	18.5	69	32.2	-	3	1
5-15	9	11.1	48	18.2	-	1	2
15-25	15	7.3	73	15.1	-	0	5
25-32	14	3.5	32	5.3	-	0	0
32-80	43	12.2	17	2.5	-	0	5
80-120	42	10.7	22	1.1	-	0	6

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-5	10.6	92	-	2.44	0.56	1.48	1.70	0.40	0.87	-	0.70
5-15	10.8	97	-	3.03	1.03	1.54	1.83	0.29	0.69	-	0.48
15-25	10.8	97	-	3.26	1.36	0.79	1.16	0.05	0.39	-	0.22
25-32	10.5	88	-	2.25	1.23	0.89	0.53	0.01	0.19	-	0.16
32-80	9.6	70	-	0.25	0.12	3.71	1.15	0.12	0.22	-	0.71
80-120	10.2	85	-	1.08	0.56	3.05	1.42	0.03	0.31	-	0.44

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-5	-	-	4.9	-	-	-	-	-	-
5-15	-	-	1.5	-	-	-	-	-	-
15-25	-	-	0.4	-	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-5	18.7	3.60	6.3	0.78	1.54	-	46.6	0.67
5-15	21.4	3.88	7.6	0.66	1.78	-	44.8	0.81
15-25	21.2	4.84	7.9	0.91	2.14	-	45.8	0.84
25-32	22.6	4.92	8.4	0.91	2.07	-	46.8	0.91
32-80	35.3	0.33	10.3	0.23	0.38	-	33.3	1.08
80-120	36.6	0.67	11.3	0.29	0.97	-	31.1	1.25

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-5	4.7	20.1	0.27	0.13	4.2	19.7	3.5
5-15	4.4	17.0	0.31	0.14	3.6	15.7	2.9
15-25	4.2	12.4	0.28	0.13	3.7	15.4	3.0
25-32	4.2	7.9	0.31	0.10	3.5	14.8	2.8
32-80	5.4	16.8	0.76	0.05	1.6	8.6	1.3
80-120	5.1	17.0	0.50	0.04	1.4	7.3	1.2

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-5	small	small	small	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very small	-	-
5-15	small	very small	small	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	very small	-	-
15-25	small	very small	small	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
25-32	very small	small	small	-	-	-	-	-	-	small	-	-
32-80	very small	small	medium	-	-	-	weak	-	-	small	-	-
80-120	very small	small	medium	-	-	-	weak	-	-	small	-	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-5 cm	(10YR 2.5/1, moist)sandy clay loam,strong fine crumb,very friable moderately smeary,many very fine fine pores and many coarse pores highly porous (>60 vol%),clear smooth boundary to,
Ah2 5-15 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate coarse subangular blocky,friable moderately smeary,many very fine fine pores and few coarse pores highly porous (>60 vol%),clear smooth boundary to,
Ah3 15-25 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, moist)sandy loam,weak coarse subangular blocky,friable moderately smeary,many very fine fine pores and few coarse pores highly porous (>60 vol%),clear smooth boundary to,
AC 25-32 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam slightly gravelly,weak coarse subangular blocky to weakly coherent porous massive,friable moderately smeary,few fine distinct sharp mottles (7.5 YR 2/0) and few fine distinct mottles (2.5 YR 4/8),many very fine fine pores highly porous (>60 vol%),frequent fine gravel weathered pumice fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
32-80 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)clay,strong fine subangular blocky,friable non sticky plastic strongly smeary,many very fine fine pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),gradual smooth boundary to,
2Bw 80-120 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, moist)clay,moderate fine subangular blocky,very friable non sticky plastic moderately smeary,common very fine fine pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),

Depth1	32cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	ejecta ash
Soil Depth	32cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey
Weathering Resistance (second entry)	poor

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Soil erosion type (second entry)	gully
Slope stability	stable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Shrub land, infrequently burned; remnants of primary forest in valleys and at remote places
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	modified
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen shrub

Altitude	700m
Physiographic Unit	lower slope Geureudong volcano
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	volcano
Slope	4%
Slope Aspect	west
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	80cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	32cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 21: Andosol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID021: Andosols

Classification