Reference soil Indonesia 22: Ferralsol

ID022

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID022: Ferralsols

CLASSIFICATION: The upper 33 cm constitute a young cover of weathered andesitic ash, overlying strongly weathered tuff deposits (33-75 cm, and 75+ cm) of the old Geureudong volcanic system. The AB, Bw, 2Bw and the 3Bw horizons have a low CEC and ECEC and are classified as ferralic B and oxic horizon respectively, although the content of weatherable minerals in the sand fraction are slightly too high. If the latter is taken into account, the soil should be classified as Ferric Cambisol and Oxic Humitropept respectively. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Ladang (shifting cultivation), infrequently burned. Presently long fallow bush land. Remnants of primary forest in valleys and at remote places. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Ah - also many fine and very fine roots. AB - also many fine and very fine pores ; also many fine and very fine roots. Bw - also many very fine pores ; also common fine and very fine roots. 2Bw - also common very fine roots.

Classification

WRB 2006

Haplic- Ferralsol (Alumic Ruptic Clayic)

17-75 cm	ferralic horizon
-	lithological discontinuity

17-75 cm	ferralic horizon
-	lithological discontinuity

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Dystri-Ferralic Cambisol

Orthic Ferralsol

0-17 cm	ochric A horizon
17-75 cm	cambic B horizon
-	ferralic

0-17 cm	ochric A horizon
17-75 cm	oxic B horizon

Local classification:	Oksisol Humik (PPT-Bogor 1981)

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Typic Hapludox

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-9	-	1.8	2.7	4.7	6.5	4.9	20.6	6.5	16.5	23	56.3
9-17	-	4.7	3.0	2.3	3.2	2.8	16	3.4	11.0	14.4	69.6
17-33	-	5.5	2.8	1.9	2.2	2.0	14.4	4.5	11.1	15.6	70.0
33-75	-	0.6	0.9	1.0	1.7	1.4	5.6	5.1	21.1	26.2	68.2
75-	-	0.2	0.8	1.0	1.7	2.0	5.7	9.8	25.4	35.2	59.1

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-9	1.160	-	-	17.8	56.3
9-17	-	-	-	45.8	69.6
17-33	-	-	-	0.5	70.0
75-75	1.040	-	-	-	-
33-75	1.070	-	-	0.5	68.2
75-	-	-	-	0.0	59.1

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-9	1.160	54.6	51.3	49.0	46.5	45.1	43.2	40.7	39.1
75-75	1.040	61.2	59.6	56.0	53.7	52.9	51.8	43.7	40.4
33-75	1.070	62.7	58.6	56.3	53.9	53.0	51.8	44.7	41.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-9	5.5	4.9	0.59	-	6.19	0.52	12	0.1	0	10.4	2.4	1.7	0.0	14.5
9-17	5.9	4.9	0.05	-	1.85	0.16	12	0	0	3.8	1.1	0.4	0.0	5.3
17-33	5.4	4.5	0.02	-	0.91	0.07	13	0.1	0	2.1	0.8	0.5	0.0	3.4
33-75	5.2	3.9	0.01	-	0.36	-	-	3.2	3.0	0.0	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.7
75-	5.1	3.9	0.01	-	0.25	-	-	3.2	3.1	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-9	49	29.5	52	21.7	-	0	0
9-17	52	10.1	15	6.5	-	0	0
17-33	56	6.1	9	3.2	-	0	0
33-75	11	6.3	9	1.3	-	48	3
75-	9	7	12	0.9	-	44	3

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-9	8.5	49	-	0.41	0.09	4.20	0.80	0.54	0.27	-	0.84
9-17	9.1	49	-	0.21	0.02	6.49	0.97	0.61	0.25	-	0.34
17-33	9.6	51	-	0.19	0.02	7.40	0.94	0.22	0.10	-	0.12
33-75	9.9	59	-	0.27	0.04	6.95	0.82	0.07	0.15	-	0.05
75-	10.0	62	-	0.29	0.04	6.14	0.78	0.03	0.10	-	0.04

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-9	-	-	12.3	-	-	-	-	-	-
9-17	-	-	1.0	-	-	-	-	-	-
17-33	-	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-9	21.3	1.03	9.6	0.31	0.44	-	43.5	1.33
9-17	28.6	0.21	15.1	0.09	0.16	-	38.5	1.58
17-33	29.3	0.07	18.3	0.07	0.12	-	36.6	1.67
33-75	30.8	0.01	15.3	0.02	0.10	-	38.5	1.50
75-	31.0	0.00	15.3	0.02	0.09	-	37.7	1.42

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-9	3.5	20.8	0.07	0.22	3.5	12.1	2.7
9-17	3.0	15.9	0.03	0.05	2.3	6.8	1.7
17-33	2.5	14.3	0.03	0.03	2.1	5.3	1.5
33-75	3.2	13.6	0.02	0.04	2.1	6.7	1.6
75-	3.2	13.4	0.03	0.04	2.1	6.6	1.6

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-9	small	-	small	small	-	-	large	-	-	small	-	-
9-17	small	-	small	small	-	-	large	-	-	very small	-	-
17-33	small	small	small	small	-	-	large	-	-	very small	-	-
33-75	small	small	small	small	-	-	large	-	-	-	-	-
75-	small	small	very small	small	-	-	medium	-	-	very small	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-9 cm	(10YR 3.5/2, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate medium subangular blocky,friable,many very fine fine pores and many coarse pores highly porous (>60 vol%),no inclusions,very few fine gravel weathered andesite gravel fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
9-17 cm	(10YR 4.5/7, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate medium subangular blocky,firm,common fine distinct clear mottles (7.5R 3/6),common medium pores and few pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few small ferruginous concretions,very few fine gravel weathered andesite gravel fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw1 17-33 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,firm,common medium distinct clear mottles (7.5R 3/6),common fine pores and few coarse pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),very few medium ferruginous concretions,few fine gravel weathered andesite gravel fragments,clear irregular boundary to,
2Bw2 33-75 cm	red (2.5YR 5/8, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate medium subangular blocky,firm,few fine distinct clear mottles (2.5YR 4/8) and common coarse distinct mottles (2.5Y 7/8),few very fine fine pores and few pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),very few medium gravel weathered andesite gravel few coarse gravel strongly weathered tuff remnants fragments,gradual irregular boundary to,
3Bw3 75- cm	red (2.5YR 5/8, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate fine and medium angular blocky,firm,common coarse distinct clear mottles (2.5Y 7/8),few very fine fine pores,very few fine gravel weathered andesite gravel very few medium gravel strongly weathered tuff remnants fragments,

Depth1	33cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	residual material
Soil Depth	75cm
Texture of parent material	mixed
Texture of parent material (second entry)	mixed
Weathering Resistance (second entry)	poor

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Remnants of primary forest in valleys and at remote places LANDUSE: Ladang (shifting cultivation), infrequently burned; presently long fallow bush land
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	shifting - fallow bush
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	modified
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen shrub

Altitude	625m
Physiographic Unit	lower slope Geureudong volcano
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	volcano
Slope	4%
Slope Aspect	north
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	75cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	irregular
Nature of flood water	oxygenated
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	medium
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	33cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Average size of stone	4
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Shape of stones (on average)	(sub-)rounded
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	fairly stony

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Reference soil Indonesia 22: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID022: Ferralsols

Classification