Reference soil Indonesia 25: Vertisol

ID025

Vertisols occur dominantly in level landscapes under climates with a pronounced dry season. Vast areas are found in Australia, India, northeastern Africa (Sudan, Ethiopia), southern Latin America and the USA.

Characteristics

Soils having a vertic horizon (a clayey subsurface horizon with polished and grooved ped surfaces ("slickensides") or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates) within 100 cm from the soil surface. They have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to a depth of 100 cm or more, or to a contrasting layer (lithic or paralithic contact, petrocalcic, petroduric or petrogypsic horizons, sedimentary discontinuity, etc.) between 50 and 100 cm, after the upper 20 cm have been mixed. In addition, Vertisols exhibit wide cracks, which open and close periodically.

Distribution of Vertisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID025: Vertisols

PHYSIOGRAPHY AND MICRORELIEF: Combined peneplain of Gunung Arjuna and Tengger mountains. Small isolated hill. Slightly convex upper slope. Slight gilgai microrelief. Shallow microdepression. PARENT MATERIAL: Weathered volcanic tuff of intermediate and basic composition. HYDROLOGY: Imperfectly to moderate well drained. Moderate runoff. Slow permeability troughout, except when cracks have formed. Perched groundwater table during the second half of the rainy season. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Rough, dry, semi-natural grassland. Climax vegetation type is open savannah. No irrigation water available due to isolated position in the landscape. Arable farming (wetland rice, maize, grain legumes, sugar cane) in the close surroundings, where water supply is sufficient for year-round irrigation. REFERENCES: - J.L. Tersteeg, 1987: "A study on the genesis of soils derived from volcanic material in the Malang area, East Java, Indonesia"; ISRIC, Wageningen.

Classification

WRB 2006

Cp-Endosodic-Grumic- Vertisol (Pellic)

15-113 cm	vertic horizon
-	secondary carbonates

15-113 cm	vertic horizon
-	secondary carbonates

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Sodi-Eutric Vertisol gilgai

Pellic Vertisol sodic

0-15 cm	ochric A horizon
15-140 cm	cambic B horizon
-	slickensides
-	sodic

0-15 cm	ochric A horizon
15-140 cm	cambic B horizon
-	gilgai microrelief
-	slickensides

Local classification:	Grumosol Pellik (PPT-Bogor, 1981)

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Haplustert

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-15	-	0.1	0.1	0.3	1.1	1.6	3.2	4.8	5.4	10.2	86.4
15-35	-	0.2	0.2	0.5	0.8	1.5	3.2	3.7	8.7	12.4	84.5
35-80	-	0.0	0.0	0.4	1.0	1.9	3.3	0.0	9.7	9.7	86.9
80-113	-	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.6	1.8	2.7	2.9	9.3	12.2	85.1
113-140	-	0.0	0.0	0.2	1.1	1.9	3.2	2.8	9.0	11.8	85.1
140-150	-	0.0	0.0	0.5	1.3	2.1	3.9	3.0	12.3	15.3	80.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-15	-	-	-	-	86.4
17-22	0.990	-	-	-	-
15-35	-	-	-	-	84.5
92-97	0.980	-	-	-	-
35-80	-	-	-	-	86.9
80-113	-	-	-	-	85.1
113-140	-	-	-	-	85.1
140-150	-	-	-	-	80.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
17-22	0.990	66.4	64.4	61.2	57.8	56.1	54.0	50.3	49.4
92-97	0.980	75.4	74.3	70.8	67.4	64.0	60.2	56.8	55.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-15	7.6	6.4	0.84	10.1	1.05	0.07	15	-	-	88.1	16.5	0.7	1.8	107.1
15-35	7.9	6.5	0.56	9.8	0.69	0.05	14	0	0	85.6	16.6	0.7	2.8	105.7
35-80	8.2	6.7	0.59	11.8	0.62	0.04	16	0	0	90.0	20.8	0.7	7.2	118.7
80-113	8.2	6.7	1.00	10.2	0.52	0.04	13	0	0	72.9	22.9	0.7	12.3	108.8
113-140	8.1	6.7	1.30	9.3	0.40	-	-	0	0	55.6	24.0	0.8	14.6	95
140-150	8.0	6.7	1.69	8.3	0.28	-	-	0	0	52.8	20.4	0.9	15.8	89.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-15	116	92.5	107	3.7	-	-	2
15-35	116	91.4	108	2.4	-	0	3
35-80	130	91.4	105	2.2	-	0	8
80-113	122	89.1	105	1.8	-	0	14
113-140	108	87.8	103	1.4	-	0	17
140-150	113	79.6	98	1.0	-	0	20

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-15	-	34	-	0.23	0.10	0.49	0.12	0.10	0.14	-	0.17
15-35	-	43	-	0.25	0.09	0.48	0.12	0.09	0.12	-	0.15
35-80	-	54	-	0.20	0.09	0.41	0.10	0.11	0.14	-	0.13
80-113	-	58	-	0.22	0.09	0.40	0.10	0.07	0.08	-	0.12
113-140	-	37	-	0.16	0.08	0.36	0.08	0.05	0.07	-	0.08
140-150	-	14	-	0.18	0.09	0.38	0.07	0.03	0.04	-	0.07

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-15	19.0	4.48	8.8	0.41	2.56	-	52.8	1.01
15-35	18.6	5.12	8.8	0.42	2.54	-	52.4	1.01
35-80	18.5	6.01	8.6	0.40	2.64	-	52.1	0.99
80-113	18.5	6.06	8.6	0.43	2.76	-	52.5	0.99
113-140	18.6	4.43	8.7	0.53	2.87	-	54.0	0.99
140-150	18.4	5.12	8.5	0.58	0.75	-	54.1	1.00

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-15	3.4	9.8	0.22	0.06	4.7	16.0	3.6
15-35	3.3	9.7	0.22	0.05	4.8	15.9	3.7
35-80	3.4	10.2	0.22	0.05	4.8	16.1	3.7
80-113	3.4	10.0	0.20	0.06	4.8	16.3	3.7
113-140	3.4	8.5	0.21	0.07	4.9	16.5	3.8
140-150	3.4	8.2	0.17	0.10	5.0	16.9	3.9

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-15	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	very large	-
15-35	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	very large	-
35-80	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	very large	-
80-113	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	very large	-
113-140	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	very large	-
140-150	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	-	-	very large	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-15 cm	dark grey (10YR 4/1, dry) very dark grey (10YR 3/1, moist)clay,strong fine granular,very hard firm sticky plastic,no cutans,many fine medium exped interstitial pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),frequent medium spherical hard calcareous concretions,clear smooth boundary to,
Ah2 15-35 cm	dark grey (10YR 4/1, dry) very dark grey (10YR 3/1, moist)clay,strong medium wedge-shaped angular blocky,very hard firm very sticky very plastic,broken moderately thick clay and humus on vertical pedfaces cutans,few fine exped interstitial pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),frequent medium spherical hard calcareous concretions,clear smooth boundary to,
Ahi 35-80 cm	grey (10YR 5/1, dry) dark grey (10YR 4/1, moist)clay,strong medium wedge-shaped angular blocky,very hard firm very sticky very plastic,broken thick slickensides on pedfaces cutans,few fine exped interstitial pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),frequent medium spherical hard calcareous concretions,gradual smooth boundary to,
A'h 80-113 cm	grey (10YR 5/1, dry) dark grey (10YR 4/1, moist)clay,strong medium wedge-shaped angular blocky,very hard firm very sticky very plastic,broken thick pressure on pedfaces cutans,very fine fine exped interstitial pores,few medium spherical hard calcareous concretions,gradual smooth boundary to,
AC1 113-140 cm	very dark grey (5Y 3/1, moist)clay,moderate medium wedge-shaped angular blocky and moderate medium angular blocky,very hard firm very sticky very plastic,patchy moderately thick pressure on pedfaces cutans,very fine fine exped interstitial pores,very few medium spherical soft calcareous concretions,gradual wavy boundary to,
AC2 140- cm	very dark grey (5Y 3/1, moist)clay,weak medium angular blocky and weak medium wedge-shaped angular blocky,very hard firm very sticky very plastic,patchy thin pressure on pedfaces cutans,no pores,frequent medium spherical soft calcareous concretions,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Soil Depth	113cm
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	mixed

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Rough, dry, semi-natural grassland. Climax vegetation is open savannah LANDUSE: No irrigation water available due to isolated position in the landscape. Arable farming (wetland rice, maize, grain legumes, sugar cane) in the close surroundings, where water supply is sufficient for
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	modified
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	short grassland

Altitude	50m
Physiographic Unit	small isolated hill
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	peneplain
Slope	2%
Slope Aspect	north-east
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Dry From - To	0-80cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
(Estimated) maximum (lower) depth to groundwater table	150cm
Depth to groundwater table	113cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	perched
(Estimated) minimum (upper) depth to groundwater table	113cm
Moist From - To	80-113cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	medium
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Wet From To	113-150cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	slightly alkaline
Surface cracking	large cracks (width more than 1 cm, or depth more than 50 cm)
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Microrelief Height: variation in height	5
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	gilgai
Microrelief pattern	closed depression
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 25: Vertisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID025: Vertisols

Classification