Reference soil Indonesia 27: Andosol

ID027

Andosols occur throughout the world where volcanic activity is common, especially in the circum-Pacific region and along the mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Characteristics

Soils with a vitric or andic horizon (slightly to moderately weathered horizons in pyroclastic deposits dominated by short-range-order minerals, notably allophane and imogolite) starting within 25 cm from the soil surface. In addition, they may have a histic, fulvic, melanic, mollic, umbric, ochric, duric, or cambic horizon. Other diagnostic horizons (unless buried deeper than 50 cm by volcanic deposits) are absent.

Distribution of Andosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID027: Andosols

LOCATION: The Indonesian monolith number is Sumut01. PARENT MATERIAL: Toba tuff originates from an ash flow. It has a sandy texture, the sand consist for the larger part of translucent fragments, probably mainly volcanic glass. HYDROLOGY: After heavy rain, water stagnates on the soil surface in isolated spots. VEGETATION: The Kemenyan trees were planted 15 to 20 years ago (for resin collection). ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: B - thickness varies locally; in general between 20 and 60 cm; pockets of C material; about 15% of the surface is stained by organic matter. C - contains thin iron fibres.

Classification

WRB 2006

Umbric-Silandic- Andosol (Acroxic Hyperdystric)

0-20 cm	umbric horizon
20-53 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic

0-20 cm	umbric horizon
20-53 cm	cambic horizon
-	andic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Umbric Andosol

Humic Andosol

0-20 cm	umbric A horizon
20-53 cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	umbric A horizon
-	andic

0-20 cm	umbric A horizon
20-58 cm	cambic B horizon
-	exchange complex dominated by amorphous material

Local classification:	Podsolik Coklat

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Alic Hapludand
USDA-SCS (1975)	Alic Dystrandept udic medial isothermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-5	-	-	-2	-
8-20	-	7.6	25.7	21.0	14.8	4.9	74	7.4	8.2	15.6	10.4
20-58	-	5.2	23.8	20.3	15.0	6.0	70.3	8.2	10.3	18.5	11.3
58-133	-	2.8	18.2	20.0	18.3	7.2	66.5	8.3	11.0	19.3	14.1
133-158	-	0.4	2.6	12.6	24.0	11.7	51.3	8.0	22.8	30.8	17.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
1-6	0.28	-	-	-	-
15-20	0.47	-	-	-	-
8-20	0.280	-	-	3.4	10.4
20-58	0.470	-	-	0.9	11.3
60-65	0.79	-	-	-	-
58-133	0.790	-	-	8.3	14.1
133-158	-	-	-	10.7	17.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
1-6	0.28	81	71.7	65.2	60.2	56.7	52.8	37.5	37
15-20	0.47	80.5	80	77.2	74.5	72.8	69.6	34.2	29.5
8-20	0.280	81.0	71.7	65.2	60.2	56.7	52.8	37.5	37.0
20-58	0.470	80.5	80.0	77.2	74.5	72.8	69.6	34.2	29.5
60-65	0.79	59.8	59.4	58.2	57.2	56.4	54.6	44.9	36.6
58-133	0.790	59.8	59.4	58.2	57.2	56.4	54.6	44.9	36.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-8	-	-	-	-	47.70	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
8-20	4.3	3.8	0.06	-	30.80	-	-	9.9	9.6	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.0	1.5
20-58	5.4	5.1	0.01	-	3.38	0.11	31	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
58-133	5.7	5.4	0.01	-	0.92	0.02	46	-	-	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
133-158	5.8	5.2	0.01	-	0.42	0.01	42	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.3

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-8	-	-	-	167.0	-	-	-
8-20	3	59.3	-	107.8	-	16	0
20-58	0	10.4	92	9.6	-	-	0
58-133	3	7.6	54	1.8	-	-	0
133-158	2	13	73	0.9	-	0	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
8-20	10.1	94	-	2.50	0.50	0.80	1.90	0.80	1.80	-	0.90
20-58	11.1	99	-	4.40	1.70	1.40	1.50	0.50	0.90	-	1.30
58-133	10.8	98	-	5.90	4.00	0.20	0.00	0.00	0.30	-	0.20
133-158	10.5	97	-	5.50	3.60	0.20	0.30	0.00	0.30	-	0.20

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
8-20	-	small	small	-	-	-	small	-	small	small	small	-
133-158	-	small	-	-	-	-	small	-	small	small	small	-

Profile description

Oi 0-8 cm	black (5YR 2.5/1, moist)leaves nil,abrupt wavy boundary to,
Ah 8-20 cm	black (10YR 2/1, moist)silt loam organic moderately,weakly coherent porous massive,very friable non sticky non plastic weakly smeary,highly porous (>60 vol%),clear wavy boundary to,
Bw 20-58 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)loam,weak fine subangular blocky,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine tubular random pores,few coarse gravel weathered Toba tuff fragments,clear wavy boundary to,
C 58-133 cm	yellow (10YR 7/6, moist)loamy medium sand,strongly coherent porous massive,firm non sticky non plastic,few micro interstitial pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),clear wavy boundary to,
2C 133-158 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/6, moist)loamy fine sand,strongly coherent massive,very firm non sticky non plastic,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	acidic tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Remarks on Parent Materials	sandy Toba tuff-liparite, resulting from an ash flow
Soil Depth	60cm
Texture of parent material	sandy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	sandy
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately

Major crops	crops (unspecified)
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no land improvement
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Perenial "Kemenyan". Kemenyan trees were planted 15 to 20 years ago for resin collection.
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop rotation scheme not relevant
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen woodland

Altitude	1450m
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	low hill
Slope	7%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	150cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-150cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	slow
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	60cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 27: Andosol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID027: Andosols

Classification