Reference soil Indonesia 28: Ferralsol

ID028

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID028: Ferralsols

LOCATION: The Indonesian monolith number is Sumut02. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Charcoal fragments are present in the first 30cm of the profile. High biological activity, termite nests throughout the profile, in the topsoil many worms. Penetrometer reading: about 1 kg/cm2 in all horizons. There are only slight differences between the BA, Bw1 and Bw2 horizons, they could be considered as one B horizon. The transition from Ap to BA has frequent hoe marks.

Classification

WRB 2006

Haplic- Ferralsol (Alumic Xanthic)

18-135 cm

ferralic horizon

18-135 cm

ferralic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Hyperdystri-Ferralic Cambisol

Ferralic Cambisol

0-18 cm	ochric A horizon
18-135 cm	cambic B horizon
-	ferralic

0-18 cm	ochric A horizon
18-135 cm	cambic B horizon

Local classification:	Podsolik Coklat Kekuningan

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Kandiudult
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Dystropept udic clayey isothermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-18	-	4.2	21.1	16.8	11.0	3.3	56.4	2.9	7.2	10.1	33.5
18-45	-	2.6	17.5	14.3	10.2	3.6	48.2	2.9	7.4	10.3	41.5
45-95	-	3.9	16.9	13.6	9.6	3.7	47.7	3.2	8.4	11.6	40.7
95-135	-	4.4	16.4	13.4	10.1	3.9	48.2	3.1	9.0	12.1	39.8
135-160	-	5.8	24.4	19.5	14.1	6.3	-5	4.8	8.7	-2	16.3

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
5-10	0.99	-	-	-	-
0-18	0.990	-	-	16.7	33.5
18-45	1.070	-	-	1.7	41.5
32-37	1.07	-	-	-	-
90-95	1.03	-	-	-	-
45-95	1.030	-	-	0.4	40.7
95-135	-	-	-	0.0	39.8
135-160	-	-	-	10.7	16.3

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
5-10	0.99	58.3	53.9	43.9	40.2	38.2	35.4	27.7	21.8
0-18	0.990	58.3	53.9	43.9	40.2	38.2	35.4	27.7	21.8
18-45	1.070	53.6	53.1	47.0	43.2	41.6	39.6	35.3	27.2
32-37	1.07	53.6	53.1	47	43.2	41.6	39.6	35.3	27.2
90-95	1.03	55.1	54.5	49.7	46.5	45.2	43.2	27.2	26.5
45-95	1.030	55.1	54.5	49.7	46.5	45.2	43.2	27.2	26.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-18	5.5	4.4	0.02	-	2.66	0.18	15	0.6	0.7	1.4	0.2	0.1	0.0	1.7
18-45	5.0	4.1	0.01	-	0.80	0.06	13	1.8	2.0	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.4
45-95	5.2	4.2	0.01	-	0.31	0.03	10	1.1	1.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.4
95-135	5.3	4.3	0.00	-	0.27	0.03	9	1.5	0.9	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.5
135-160	5.6	4.7	0.00	-	0.25	0.02	13	0.1	0	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-18	21	8	24	9.3	-	9	0
18-45	7	5.5	13	2.8	-	36	0
45-95	7	5.7	14	1.1	-	19	0
95-135	8	5.9	15	0.9	-	15	0
135-160	8	5	-	0.9	-	0	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-18	8.0	55	-	0.40	0.10	1.30	0.60	0.05	0.30	-	0.30
18-45	7.5	50	-	0.30	0.10	1.90	0.60	0.05	0.20	-	0.10
45-95	8.0	49	-	0.20	0.10	2.20	0.60	0.40	0.20	-	0.20
95-135	8.1	56	-	0.30	0.00	2.30	0.60	0.50	0.20	-	0.20
135-160	9.5	57	-	0.60	0.30	1.40	0.60	0.10	0.10	-	0.20

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-18	small	small	medium	-	medium	-	-	-	-	-	small	-
18-45	small	small	medium	-	medium	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
45-95	small	small	medium	-	medium	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
95-135	small	small	medium	-	medium	-	-	-	-	-	small	-
135-160	small	small	medium	-	medium	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap 0-18 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)sandy loam,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine medium tubular random pores,clear smooth boundary to,
BA 18-45 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)sandy clay loam,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine tubular random pores and common tubular random pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw1 45-95 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,friable sticky slightly plastic,many fine tubular random pores and common tubular random pores,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bw2 95-135 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay loam,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine tubular random pores and few tubular random pores,few medium gravel strongly weathered T.tuff/sandston fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
2Bw3 135-160 cm	(10YR 4/5, moist)loamy sand,weakly coherent single grain,very friable non sticky non plastic,many fine pores and few pores,few medium gravel strongly weathered sandstone pebbl fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	acidic tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	slope wash
Remarks on Parent Materials	reworked Toba tuff
Soil Depth	150cm
Texture of parent material	sandy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	sandy
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Slope stability	locally unstable

Major crops	rubber
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Cassava, groundnut, rubber, coffee
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop - grass rotation, lay
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	650m
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	hill
Slope	28%
Slope Aspect	north
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	hilly

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-160cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	rapid

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 28: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID028: Ferralsols

Classification