Reference soil Indonesia 29: Andosol

ID029

Distribution of Andosols

The original forest has been cleared, at present fallow land with abundant ferns. At some distance of site low level arable farming, mainly horticulture. All horizons have clearly a low bulk density. In the BA horizon the soil colours change gradually from the colours of the A and the B horizon. From 80 to 108 the profile consists of a serise of thin horizons which are influenced by redox processes. It has been described as Bs(80-90) and Bg?(90-108) horizons. The Bg? itself can be subdivided in very thin layers: Bg(90-100) 10YR4/4, clay loam, Bh(100-103) 5YR2.5/2, loamy sand (buried A horizon?) and Bs(103-108) 2.5YR4/8, loamy sand. The sequence of these thin layers varies locally, its genesis is not clear. Roots are concentrated in coarse channels in the Bg and C horizons. The C horizons have a sandy texture, the sand consists mainly of translucent fragments, probably volcanic glass. Penetrometer readings: A 1.6, BA 1.0, Bw 2.6, Bs 3.0-5.0, Bg 1.8, C 2.0, and Cr 5 or more kg/cm2.

WRB 2006:

Folic Silandic Andosol(Acroxic Hyperdystric)
0-16 cm	folic horizon
16-79 cm	cambic horizon
	andic properties

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988:

FAO-UNESCO 1974:

Andi-

Ferralic Cambisol

0-35 cm	histic H horizon
16-79 cm	cambic B horizon
	andic properties
	smeary consistence

0-35 cm	histic H horizon
16-79 cm	cambic B horizon
	exchange complex dominated by amorphous material
	smeary consistence

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Acrudoxic Ultic

Hapludand

USDA-SCS (1975)

Acrudoxic Ultic

Dystrandept

medial

isohyperthermic

Classification (other)	Podsolik Coklat
	Deep, well drained, dark yellowish brown, clay loam. Very dark coloured humus rich topsoil, the brown subsoil is thixotrophe, the light coloured tuff subsoil starts at about 90 cm.

Location:

Sumatra, Taput, Harian Boho, 2.1km W of Tele (west side bridge left)

More images

Physical

Particle size distribution:

Depth (cm)		Gravel (%)	Very Coarse Sand (%)	Coarse Sand (%)	Medium Sand (%)	Fine Sand (%)	Very Fine Sand (%)	Total Sand (%)	Coarse Silt (%)	Fine Silt (%)	Total Silt (%)	Clay (%)
0-16	:	-	1.6	1.6	2.5	6.4	6.4	-	15.2	38.3	-	28.0
16-35	:	-	0.0	0.6	1.6	3.9	4.1	-	6.2	47.3	-	36.3
35-79	:	-	0.0	0.7	1.3	2.8	2.9	-	43.1	21.0	-	28.3
79-90	:	-	0.7	4.3	9.3	17.3	9.9	-	5.6	32.1	-	20.7
90-108	:	-	8.9	23.8	18.6	14.1	5.6	-	3.5	13.3	-	12.2
108-135	:	-	7.2	21.3	17.5	14.0	4.8	-	6.1	13.3	-	15.8
135-160	:	-	8.6	22.7	16.8	13.4	6.2	-	3.9	16.8	-	11.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)		Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	pF 0 (% w/v)	pF 1.0 (% w/v)	pF 1.5 (% w/v)	pF 2.0 (% w/v)	pF 2.3 (% w/v)	pF 2.7 (% w/v)	pF 3.4 (% w/v)	pF 4.2 (% w/v)	pF 2.5 (%)	Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	pF 0 (% w/v)	pF 1.0 (% w/v)	pF 1.5 (% w/v)	pF 2.0 (% w/v)	pF 2.3 (% w/v)	pF 2.7 (% w/v)	pF 3.4 (% w/v)	pF 4.2 (% w/v)	pF 2.5 (%)
0-16	:	0.350	82.7	80.9	71.0	67.1	64.9	61.4	41.9	32.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
16-35	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
35-79	:	0.330	83.0	82.2	77.8	74.5	73.2	71.4	56.3	49.1	-
79-90	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
90-108	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
108-135	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
135-160	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Other physical data

Depth (cm)		Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	Spec. Surf. Area (m2/g)	COLE (cm/cm)	Water Disp. Clay (%)	Clay (%)
0-16	:	-	-	-	1.6	28.0
16-35	:	-	-	-	10.5	36.3
35-79	:	-	-	-	13.0	28.3
79-90	:	-	-	-	9.1	20.7
90-108	:	-	-	-	10.0	12.2
108-135	:	-	-	-	9.8	15.8
135-160	:	-	-	-	5.8	11.4

Chemical characteristics:

Depth (cm)		pH H2O	pH KCl	EC 1 : 2.5 (mS/cm)	CaCO3 (%)	Org. C (%)	Org. N (%)	C / N	Exch. Acid (cmol/kg)	Exch. Al (cmol/kg)	Ca (cmol/kg)	Mg (cmol/kg)	K (cmol/kg)	Na (cmol/kg)	Sum Cations (cmol/kg)
0-16	:	5.1	4.3	0.04	-	19.50	-	-	-	-	1.0	0.6	0.5	0.0	-
16-35	:	5.4	4.9	0.01	-	10.50	-	-	-	-	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.0	-
35-79	:	6.0	5.9	0.03	-	4.56	-	-	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	-
79-90	:	5.8	5.9	0.02	-	1.66	-	-	-	-	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	-
90-108	:	5.6	5.7	0.02	-	1.18	-	-	-	-	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	-
108-135	:	5.4	5.4	0.01	-	0.45	-	-	-	-	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	-
135-160	:	5.4	5.0	0.01	-	0.19	-	-	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	-

Depth (cm)		CEC Soil (cmol/kg)	CEC Clay (cmol/kg)	CEC Org (cmol/kg)	ECEC (cmol/kg)	Base sat. (%)	Al sat. (%)	ESP (%)
0-16	:	-	-	68.3	-	-	-	0
16-35	:	-	-	36.8	-	-	-	0
35-79	:	-	-	16.0	-	-	-	0
79-90	:	-	-	5.8	-	-	-	0
90-108	:	-	-	4.1	-	-	-	0
108-135	:	-	-	1.6	-	-	-	0
135-160	:	-	-	0.7	-	-	-	1

Depth (cm)		pH NaF	P Retention (%)	ODOE	Melanic Index	Fe o (wt%)	Al o (wt%)	Si o (wt%)	Fe d (wt%)	Al d (wt%)	Fe p (wt%)	Al p (wt%)	C p (wt%)
0-16	:	11.2	100	-	-	4.50	4.10	0.50	5.80	2.80	4.60	2.70	-
16-35	:	11.5	100	-	-	3.10	11.60	3.60	5.10	4.70	1.40	2.20	-
35-79	:	11.5	100	-	-	2.30	12.80	5.10	7.90	3.70	0.00	0.70	-
79-90	:	11.1	100	-	-	2.90	13.60	7.10	4.80	2.80	0.00	0.50	-
90-108	:	10.9	100	-	-	0.60	5.80	2.90	1.10	1.00	0.00	0.30	-
108-135	:	10.7	99	-	-	0.20	4.60	2.60	0.30	0.30	0.00	0.30	-
135-160	:	10.7	97	-	-	0.20	4.10	2.40	0.30	0.60	0.00	0.30	-

Profile description:

Ah 0-16 cm	black (5YR 2.5/1, moist), leaves highly, friable non sticky non plastic, highly porous (>60 vol%), clear smooth boundary to,
BA 16-35 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist), sandy clay loam, weak fine subangular blocky, friable slightly sticky slightly plastic, many fine tubular random pores and many tubular random pores, gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw1 35-79 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6, moist), clay loam, moderate fine and medium subangular blocky, friable slightly sticky slightly plastic, broken thin unspecified on pedfaces cutans, many fine medium tubular random pores and few tubular random pores, abrupt wavy boundary to,
2Bw2 79-90 cm	red (2.5YR 4/8, moist), sandy clay loam, moderately coherent porous massive, friable non sticky non plastic, common very fine tubular random pores and few tubular random pores, abrupt wavy boundary to,
3Bg? 90-108 cm	weakly coherent porous massive, friable non sticky non plastic, common fine pores and few pores, clear wavy boundary to,
3C 108-135 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/8, moist), loamy sand, weakly coherent porous massive, friable non sticky non plastic, common fine pores and common pores, clear wavy boundary to,
3Cr 135-160 cm	yellow (10YR 7/6, moist), loamy sand, weakly coherent massive, firm non sticky non plastic, few fine pores

The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (1st entry)	acidic tuff
Mode of Accumulation or deposition of parent material (1st entry)	ejecta ash
Texture of parent material (1st entry)	sandy
Weathering status of solid rock (1st entry)	partially or moderately
Remarks on Parent Materials	Toba tuff-liparite

Current land use at the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Vegetation Type;The natural vegetation at the site	evergreen woodland
Status of vegetation	degraded
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: The original forest has been cleared, at present fallow land with abundant ferns. At some distance of site low level arable farming, mainly horticulture.

The altitude of the soil profile relative to mean sea level, specified in meters	1800 m asl
Regional landform	plateau
Topography of the surrounding country	flat or almost flat
The slope refers to the inclination of the land immediately surrounding the site. The measured or estimated slope angle is specified to the nearest per cent	1 %
The physiographic position of the site where the profile is located	flat
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight

Top Stagnating Layer	80 cm
Bottom Stagnating Layer	90 cm
Runoff	slow
Flooding frequency	never
Drainage Class	moderately well

Rockiness	none
Stoniness	none
Cracks	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Evidence of salt	non-saline
Evidence of alkali	non-alkaline

Soil erosion type (1st entry)
Occurrence of soil aggradation
Slope Stability

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Reference soil Indonesia 29: Andosol