Reference soil Indonesia 32: Ferralsol

ID032

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID032: Ferralsols

CLASSIFICATION: The soil has all the properties for a Ferralic B horizon, except for the silt/clay ratio, which is slightly too high -> the required silt/clay of <0.2 is waived. LOCATION: The Indonesian monolith number is Jambi01. Site ID032 is located in the same area as Tropsoil sites Kuamang Guning (pedon Indonesia 6) and Kumang Guning unit 18 (pedon Indonesia 7). LAND USE AND VEGETATION: ID032 is comparable to ID033. Land use of ID032 is arable farming, while ID033 has still a secondary forest cover. The land clearing for the Kuamang Guning area started 5 years ago. ID032 is located in the "land clearing" experimental site with the treatment manual clearing, cover crop and coconut. Under permanent vegetation cover no or slight erosion. When cultivated with annual crops the soil is sensitive for sheet and rill erosion. Cassave is a major crop in the area. Other crops cultivated are upland rice, soybean, maize (poor stand), banana, coffee, coconut, jackfruit (Artocarpus integra). ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Shiny surfaces/cutans? are visible in porechannels and on surfaces of macro structures. Few yellowish coloured spots/pockets are present from 103 to 220cm, probably weathered C material. The dark red mottled deeper subsoil horizon -approximate parallel to the surface- can be frequently observed in deep roadcuts of rolling interfluves. Probably of pedegenetic origin as its boundary is approximate parallel to the surface.

Classification

WRB 2006

Acric- Ferralsol (Alumic Clayic Xanthic)

11-160 cm

ferralic horizon

11-160 cm

ferralic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Alumi-Haplic Acrisol

Dystric Nitosol

0-30 cm	ochric A horizon
11-103 cm	albic E horizon

0-30 cm	ochric A horizon
11-103 cm	argillic B horizon

Local classification:	Oksisol Haplik

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Inceptic Hapludox
USDA-SCS (1975)	Inceptic Paleudult udic fine kaolinitic isohyperthermic

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Land use

Major crops	cassava
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	land clearing
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	medium level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: experimental site for land clearing LANDUSE: The land clearing for the Kuamang Guning area started in 1982. The soil is located in the "land clearing" experimental site with the treatment manual clearing, cover crop and coconut. There is no eros
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop with current fallow
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-11	-	1.0	7.2	14.5	19.4	10.1	52.2	6.1	6.9	13	34.6
11-30	-	0.7	5.0	11.2	17.0	8.4	42.3	7.3	9.7	17	40.7
30-65	-	0.7	4.4	9.8	15.7	8.1	38.7	7.7	8.6	16.3	45.0
65-103	-	1.2	3.6	8.2	13.5	7.1	33.6	13.1	5.7	18.8	47.7
103-160	-	1.1	3.4	7.5	12.7	6.8	31.5	16.4	5.8	22.2	46.3
210-260	-	1.9	2.4	4.5	10.8	4.5	24.1	13.7	14.5	28.2	47.7

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
5-10	1.06	-	-	-	-
0-11	1.060	-	-	0.4	34.6
11-30	-	-	-	0.5	40.7
42-47	1.24	-	-	-	-
105-110	1.25	-	-	-	-
30-65	1.240	-	-	0.5	45.0
65-103	-	-	-	0.0	47.7
103-160	1.250	-	-	0.5	46.3
210-260	-	-	-	0.5	47.7

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
5-10	1.06	49.3	42.2	35.9	31.5	30	28.6	20.2	18.9
0-11	1.060	49.3	42.2	35.9	31.5	30.0	28.6	20.2	18.9
42-47	1.24	50.8	49.9	43.8	42	41.3	40.4	32	28.8
105-110	1.25	49.7	49.2	45.5	43.9	43.1	42.2	34.6	31.6
30-65	1.240	50.8	49.9	43.8	42.0	41.3	40.4	32.0	28.8
103-160	1.250	49.7	49.2	45.5	43.9	43.1	42.2	34.6	31.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-11	4.2	3.7	0.23	-	2.67	0.19	14	2.8	2.5	1.8	0.5	0.2	0.0	2.5
11-30	4.5	3.9	0.05	-	1.18	0.09	13	3.2	3.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.8	1.2
30-65	4.7	4.0	0.02	-	0.68	0.06	11	2.9	2.7	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.4
65-103	4.9	4.0	0.01	-	0.39	0.04	10	2.7	2.7	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
103-160	4.9	4.0	0.01	-	0.26	0.03	9	2.7	2.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
210-260	5.0	4.0	0.01	-	0.15	0.02	8	3.0	3.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-11	26	9.5	27	9.3	-	26	0
11-30	20	6.1	15	4.1	-	52	13
30-65	7	5.4	12	2.4	-	50	0
65-103	3	7.4	16	1.4	-	36	0
103-160	0	8.2	18	0.9	-	30	0
210-260	1	6.8	14	0.5	-	44	1

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-11	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	1.20	0.30	-	-	-	0.20
11-30	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	1.60	0.40	-	-	-	0.20
30-65	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	1.80	0.40	-	-	-	0.10
65-103	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	1.90	0.50	-	-	-	0.00
103-160	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	2.00	0.50	-	-	-	0.00
210-260	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	4.60	0.60	-	-	-	0.00

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-11	-	-	-	small	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-
11-30	-	-	-	small	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-
30-65	-	-	-	small	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-
65-103	-	-	-	small	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-
103-160	-	-	-	small	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-
210-260	-	-	-	small	-	-	very large	-	small	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-11 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6, moist)fine sandy loam,weak fine crumb,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine medium pores,clear smooth boundary to,
BA 11-30 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)sandy clay loam,weak fine subangular blocky,friable sticky slightly plastic,many fine medium tubular random pores,few termite channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bto1 30-65 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/6, moist)clay,moderate medium subangular blocky parting to weak very fine and fine subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,patchy thin unspecified cutans,many fine tubular random pores and common tubular random pores,few termite channels,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bto2 65-103 cm	brownish yellow (10YR 6/6, moist)clay,moderate medium subangular blocky parting to weak very fine and fine subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,broken thin unspecified cutans,many fine tubular random pores and common tubular random pores,few termite channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bo 103-160 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay,weak medium subangular blocky parting to weak very fine and fine subangular blocky,friable sticky slightly plastic,many fine tubular random pores and few tubular random pores,
Auger 210-260 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay,clay,many coarse prominent mottles (10 R 3/5),

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	acidic tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Remarks on Parent Materials	tuff on Palembang
Soil Depth	160cm

Altitude	80m
Physiographic Unit	smooth interfluve
Physiographic position of the site	crest
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	4%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-160cm
Estimated run off (class)	rapid

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 32: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID032: Ferralsols

Classification