Reference soil Indonesia 33: Ferralsol

ID033

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID033: Ferralsols

CLASSIFICATION: There is a slight increase of clay content with depth, however the presence of an argillic horizon is disputable. Soil properties fulfil the requirements of the Ferralic B horizon. LOCATION: The Indonesian monolith number is Jambi02. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: ID033 is comparable to ID032. Land use of ID033 is secondary forest and rubber trees exploitation while ID032 is used for arable farming. The soil, when cultivated for annual crops, is probably moderately erodable (road cut observations). ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: A very high bio-activity, especially of termites, is found throughout the profile. At a depth of 270cm starts a dark red mottled layer, more or less parallel to the soil surface, as observed from roadcut in the rolling interfluves.

Classification

WRB 2006

Vetic- Ferralsol (Alumic Clayic Xanthic)

7-270 cm

ferralic horizon

7-270 cm

ferralic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Alumi-Xanthic Ferralsol

Humic Ferralsol

0-30 cm	ochric A horizon
7-270 cm	ferralic B horizon

0-30 cm	ochric A horizon
7-270 cm	oxic B horizon
-	high organic matter content in the B horizon

Local classification:	Oksisol Haplik

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Xanthic Hapludox
USDA-SCS (1975)	Xanthic Haplorthox udic very fine kaolinitic isohyperthermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-7	-	1.0	4.0	7.7	11.1	4.8	28.6	2.9	6.1	9	62.3
7-30	-	0.5	3.6	6.9	10.0	4.3	25.3	2.6	4.7	7.3	67.4
30-70	-	0.8	3.1	5.0	7.6	3.5	20	2.2	3.1	5.3	74.6
70-160	-	1.3	3.1	4.2	6.6	3.1	18.3	2.4	2.8	5.2	76.4
160-270	-	1.8	3.0	3.5	5.9	2.8	17	3.0	2.9	5.9	77.0
270-290	-	10.6	7.9	5.6	6.6	3.5	34.2	5.0	4.9	9.9	55.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
25-30	1.04	-	-	-	-
0-7	-	-	-	1.0	62.3
80-85	0.99	-	-	-	-
7-30	1.040	-	-	1.0	67.4
30-70	-	-	-	0.5	74.6
70-160	0.990	-	-	0.5	76.4
160-270	-	-	-	0.5	77.0
270-290	-	-	-	0.5	55.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
25-30	1.04	58.3	57.9	51.1	48.8	48	47	32.4	29.3
80-85	0.99	55.9	54.2	48.2	46.1	45.1	44.1	37	34.5
7-30	1.040	58.3	57.9	51.1	48.8	48.0	47.0	32.4	29.3
70-160	0.990	55.9	54.2	48.2	46.1	45.1	44.1	37.0	34.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-7	4.7	4.2	0.15	-	3.52	0.27	13	1.3	1.2	3.0	0.7	0.2	0.0	3.9
7-30	4.5	4.0	0.04	-	1.51	0.13	12	2.6	2.5	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.4
30-70	4.7	4.0	0.02	-	0.96	0.09	11	2.3	2.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
70-160	4.9	4.1	0.01	-	0.58	0.06	10	2.1	2.1	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
160-270	5.4	4.3	0.01	-	0.20	0.04	5	0.9	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
270-290	5.2	4.4	0.01	-	0.21	0.02	11	0.5	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-7	33	11.8	19	12.3	-	10	0
7-30	6	6.5	10	5.3	-	38	0
30-70	0	4.9	7	3.4	-	47	0
70-160	5	4.1	5	2.0	-	51	0
160-270	0	10.3	13	0.7	-	9	0
270-290	0	3.9	7	0.7	-	5	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-7	-	-	-	0.30	0.00	4.70	1.00	-	-	-	0.30
7-30	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	5.30	1.10	-	-	-	0.20
30-70	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	6.00	1.10	-	-	-	0.10
70-160	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	5.80	1.20	-	-	-	0.00
160-270	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	6.10	1.20	-	-	-	0.00
270-290	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	10.80	1.30	-	-	-	0.00

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-7	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	-	-	-	-
7-30	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	small	-	-	-
30-70	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	very small	-	-	-
70-160	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	very small	-	-	-
160-270	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	very small	-	-	-
270-290	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	small	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-7 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, moist)clay loam,moderate fine subangular blocky and weak fine crumb,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine medium pores,clear smooth boundary to,
BA 7-30 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)clay,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,many very fine medium tubular random pores,gradual wavy boundary to,
Bo1 30-70 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay,weak fine subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,patchy thin unspecified cutans,many very fine fine tubular random pores and few tubular random pores,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bo2 70-160 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay,weak fine subangular blocky weakly coherent MP,very friable sticky plastic,broken thin unspecified cutans,many very fine fine tubular random pores,frequent termite channels,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Auger 160-270 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay,sticky plastic,clear boundary to,
Auger 160-270 cm	many coarse prominent mottles (10 R 3/6)

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	acidic tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Remarks on Parent Materials	tuff over Palembang
Soil Depth	160cm

Major crops	rubber
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	tree and shrub cropping
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: small holding rubber exploitation LANDUSE: The soil, when cultivated for annual crops, is probably moderately erodable (road cut observations)
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	100m
Physiographic Unit	smooth interfluve
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	10%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-160cm
Estimated run off (class)	rapid

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 33: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID033: Ferralsols

Classification