Reference soil Indonesia 34: Ferralsol

ID034

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID034: Ferralsols

LOCATION: The Indonesian monolith number is Sumbar01. Profile number SB3 in 'Red soils in Indonesia', P.Buurman et.al 1980, pag. 83 to 90. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Nearby the site is a recent land clearing with low level arable farming, upland rice, coffee and fruit trees. EROSION: Under permanent vegetation cover no erosion signs. The soil is sensitive for erosion when cultivated for annual crops soil. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: A thin layer of loose, hardly decomposed, litter is present at the soil surface. Throughout the whole profile abundant bio-activity features, especially termites cavities and channels. Few fine clear quartz grains are visible throughout the profile. Coarse charcoal fragments present at a depth of about 50 cm, indicative for slash and burning agriculture before the rubber planting. Stickiness and plasticity varies considerably within a narrow moisture range. When wet sticky and plastic, nearby the limit from wet to moist the soil is hardly sticky and plastic. Penetrometer reading: A 1, BA 1.5 and in the Bs horizons around 2.0 kg/cm2.

Classification

WRB 2006

Vetic- Ferralsol (Humic Alumic Clayic)

12-150 cm

ferralic horizon

12-150 cm

ferralic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Alumi-Xanthic Ferralsol

Humic Ferralsol

0-34 cm	ochric A horizon
12-150 cm	ferralic B horizon

0-34 cm	ochric A horizon
12-150 cm	oxic B horizon
-	high organic matter content in the B horizon

Local classification:	Oksisol Haplik

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Humic Hapludox
USDA-SCS (1975)	Humic Haplorthox udic very fine kaolinitic isohyperthermic

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
1-12	-	0.1	1.1	1.9	2.6	1.3	6	3.4	5.5	8.9	84.0
12-34	-	0.1	0.9	1.7	2.3	1.2	6.2	1.4	5.7	7.1	86.7
34-60	-	0.1	0.7	1.3	1.9	1.1	5.1	2.6	3.9	6.5	88.4
60-100	-	0.1	0.6	1.2	2.0	1.1	5	1.8	4.1	5.9	89.0
100-150	-	0.1	0.8	1.1	1.8	1.0	4.8	2.2	5.4	7.6	87.7
170-270	-	0.3	0.6	0.9	1.6	0.9	4.3	1.8	6.4	8.2	87.6
300-400	-	0.3	0.6	0.9	1.3	0.8	3.9	2.1	5.8	7.9	88.2

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
8-13	0.71	-	-	-	-
1-12	0.710	-	-	0.8	84.0
40-45	0.77	-	-	-	-
12-34	-	-	-	0.9	86.7
105-110	0.88	-	-	-	-
34-60	0.770	-	-	1.0	88.4
60-100	-	-	-	1.0	89.0
100-150	0.880	-	-	0.4	87.7
170-270	-	-	-	1.4	87.6
300-400	-	-	-	0.9	88.2

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
8-13	0.71	61.4	55.3	48.6	45.2	43.8	42	30.4	28.4
1-12	0.710	61.4	55.3	48.6	45.2	43.8	42.0	30.4	28.4
40-45	0.77	64.4	60.1	50.1	46.3	45	34.6	33.2	30.8
105-110	0.88	62.9	62.5	55.8	52.8	51.5	50.2	39.5	36.4
34-60	0.770	64.4	60.1	50.1	46.3	45.0	34.6	33.2	30.8
100-150	0.880	62.9	62.5	55.8	52.8	51.5	50.2	39.5	36.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
1-12	3.5	3.5	0.27	-	6.87	0.51	13	8.6	8.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.7
12-34	4.1	3.8	0.07	-	2.23	0.21	11	5.5	4.9	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.2
34-60	4.7	3.9	0.02	-	1.40	0.12	12	4.5	4.4	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.3
60-100	4.8	4.0	0.02	-	0.84	0.09	9	4.2	3.8	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1
100-150	4.7	4.0	0.02	-	0.61	0.07	9	4	3.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1
170-270	4.8	4.0	0.02	-	0.30	0.04	8	3.6	3.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
300-400	5.0	4.1	0.01	-	0.15	0.03	5	3.1	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
1-12	3	25.2	30	24.0	-	33	0
12-34	2	11.4	13	7.8	-	43	0
34-60	3	9.6	11	4.9	-	46	0
60-100	1	6.7	8	2.9	-	57	0
100-150	1	8.1	9	2.1	-	44	1
170-270	0	19.2	22	1.1	-	17	0
300-400	0	14.1	16	0.5	-	20	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
1-12	-	-	-	0.40	0.10	5.80	1.10	-	-	-	0.40
12-34	-	-	-	0.40	0.10	6.40	1.20	-	-	-	0.20
34-60	-	-	-	0.30	0.00	6.90	1.20	-	-	-	0.10
60-100	-	-	-	0.30	0.00	6.70	1.20	-	-	-	0.10
100-150	-	-	-	0.30	0.00	6.80	1.20	-	-	-	0.10
170-270	-	-	-	0.30	0.00	6.80	1.10	-	-	-	0.10
300-400	-	-	-	0.30	0.00	6.60	1.30	-	-	-	0.10

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
1-12	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	very small	-	-	-
12-34	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	very small	-	-	-
34-60	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	very small	-	-	-
60-100	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	very small	-	-	-
100-150	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	small	-	-	-
170-270	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-
300-400	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah 1-12 cm	black (10YR 2/1, moist)sandy clay,weak fine subangular blocky and weak parting to crumb,loose slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine coarse pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few termite channels,clear smooth boundary to,
BA 12-34 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)clay,moderate medium subangular blocky parting to moderate fine subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,many very fine medium tubular random pores and common tubular random pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bo1 34-100 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)clay,weak fine subangular blocky to crumb,very friable sticky plastic,many very fine fine tubular random pores and common tubular random pores,few termite channels,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bo2 100-150 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist),clay,clay,weak fine subangular blocky to weak MP,sticky plastic,very friable sticky slightly plastic,many very fine fine tubular random pores and few tubular random pores,few termite channels,
300-400 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist)clay,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	tuff
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Remarks on Parent Materials	old volcanic plain
Soil Depth	200cm
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Major crops	rubber
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	tree and shrub cropping
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Small holding rubber trees in secondary forest. Near the site is a recent land clearing with low level arable farming: upland rice, coffee and fruit trees. Under permanent vegetation cover no sign of
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	100m
Physiographic Unit	smooth interfluve
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	14%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-270cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

You are here

Reference soil Indonesia 34: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID034: Ferralsols

Classification