Reference soil Indonesia 35: Ferralsol

ID035

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID035: Ferralsols

LOCATION: The indonesian monolith number is SUMBAR02. The site is comparable to TROPSOIL profile Indonesia2. EROSION: At about 400m from the site are erosion test plots. From 3 years of testing the following average erosion rates have been calculated: - control plot (bare soil) = 300 ton/ha - vegetation contour strips= 25 ton/ha - contour ridges = 20 ton/ha - terraces = 1 ton/ha Note that the data are averages over several years and there are several variations on each technique used. Lime has been used, although quantity and number of applications are not known(verbal information). ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: A few clear quartz grains are visible throughout the profile. The stickiness and plasticity varies considerably within a narrow moisture range; from sticky and plastic to slightly sticky and slightly plastic. Penetrometer reading: Ap1 1, Ap2 4 to 4.5, all B horizons around 2 kg/cm2.

Classification

WRB 2006

Vetic- Ferralsol (Alumic Clayic Xanthic)

21-160 cm

ferralic horizon

21-160 cm

ferralic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Alumi-Xanthic Ferralsol

Xanthic Ferralsol

0-21 cm	ochric A horizon
21-160 cm	ferralic B horizon

0-21 cm	ochric A horizon
21-160 cm	oxic B horizon

Local classification:	Oksisol Haplik

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Hapludox
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Haplorthox udic very fine kaolinitic isohyperthermic

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-13	-	0.4	1.9	2.5	3.1	2.4	10.3	11.7	5.2	16.9	72.8
13-21	-	0.4	1.9	2.5	3.4	2.9	11.1	6.0	5.4	11.4	77.5
21-40	-	0.4	1.7	2.2	3.0	2.5	9.8	6.4	4.9	11.3	78.9
40-74	-	0.2	1.7	2.3	3.1	2.7	10	4.5	5.9	10.4	79.6
74-117	-	0.7	1.9	2.2	2.8	2.5	10.1	6.3	2.7	9	81.0
117-160	-	0.5	1.4	1.4	2.0	1.8	7.1	2.5	7.9	10.4	82.4
160-200	-	0.4	0.9	1.0	1.4	1.6	5.3	1.9	12.0	13.9	80.9
200-280	-	1.6	1.8	1.5	2.6	2.7	10.2	4.1	16.8	20.9	68.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
13-18	1.1	-	-	-	-
0-13	-	-	-	24.7	72.8
13-21	1.100	-	-	0.0	77.5
40-45	0.95	-	-	-	-
21-40	-	-	-	0.0	78.9
100-105	0.94	-	-	-	-
40-74	0.950	-	-	0.0	79.6
74-117	0.940	-	-	0.0	81.0
117-160	-	-	-	0.0	82.4
160-200	-	-	-	0.0	80.9
200-280	-	-	-	0.0	68.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
13-18	1.1	58.3	57.8	48.4	45.7	44.6	43.3	40.1	37
13-21	1.100	58.3	57.8	48.4	45.7	44.6	43.3	40.1	37.0
40-45	0.95	59.8	59.3	55.2	51.1	49.3	47.5	36.5	34.3
100-105	0.94	61.1	60.4	53	48.7	46.9	45.2	37	34.8
40-74	0.950	59.8	59.3	55.2	51.1	49.3	47.5	36.5	34.3
74-117	0.940	61.1	60.4	53.0	48.7	46.9	45.2	37.0	34.8

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-13	4.2	3.9	0.11	-	2.46	0.20	12	3.9	3.4	1.1	0.1	0.1	0.0	1.3
13-21	4.5	4.0	0.04	-	1.33	0.12	11	3.9	3.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
21-40	4.8	4.1	0.03	-	0.95	0.09	11	3.2	3.1	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
40-74	4.8	4.1	0.02	-	0.67	0.07	10	2.9	2.9	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
74-117	4.5	4.1	0.03	-	0.49	0.06	8	2.8	2.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
117-160	4.5	4.2	0.03	-	0.35	0.05	7	2.3	2.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
160-200	4.6	4.1	0.02	-	0.20	0.03	7	2.5	2.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
200-280	4.6	4.1	0.02	-	0.10	0.02	5	3.0	2.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-13	13	10.1	14	8.6	-	34	0
13-21	0	7.8	10	4.7	-	40	0
21-40	3	6.4	8	3.3	-	48	0
40-74	3	5.8	7	2.3	-	50	0
74-117	0	4.5	6	1.7	-	60	0
117-160	0	10.9	13	1.2	-	20	0
160-200	0	9.7	12	0.7	-	22	0
200-280	0	14	20	0.4	-	19	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-13	-	-	-	0.30	0.00	4.80	1.10	-	-	-	0.20
13-21	-	-	-	0.30	0.00	4.90	1.10	-	-	-	0.10
21-40	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	4.90	1.00	-	-	-	0.10
40-74	-	-	-	0.30	0.00	4.90	1.10	-	-	-	0.10
74-117	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	5.00	1.10	-	-	-	0.10
117-160	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	5.90	1.20	-	-	-	0.00
160-200	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	6.60	1.20	-	-	-	0.00
200-280	-	-	-	0.20	0.00	6.70	1.20	-	-	-	0.00

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-13	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-
13-21	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-
21-40	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-
40-74	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-
74-117	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	medium	-	-	-
117-160	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	small	-	-	-
160-200	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	small	-	-	-
200-280	-	-	-	medium	-	-	very large	-	small	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap1 0-13 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)clay loam,weak fine granular,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine pores and common pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Ap2 13-21 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)clay,moderate very coarse angular blocky,firm sticky plastic,few fine faint mottles (2.5 R 3/6),common very fine fine pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bo1 21-74 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)clay,weak fine subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,patchy thin unspecified on pedfaces cutans,many very fine fine tubular random pores and common tubular random pores,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bo2 74-117 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6, moist)clay,weak fine subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,patchy thin unspecified on pedfaces cutans,many very fine fine tubular random pores and few tubular random pores,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bo3 117-160 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6, moist)clay,weak fine subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,patchy thin unspecified on pedfaces cutans,many very fine fine tubular random pores and few tubular random pores,
Auger 220-280 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)clay,clay,sticky plastic,sticky plastic,many mottles (2.5 R 4/8),very few medium spherical hard manganiferous concretions,very few fine gravel strongly weathered quartz/mica fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	pyroclastic, consolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Remarks on Parent Materials	tuff on Palembang
Soil Depth	160cm

Major crops	cassava
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	medium level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Soybean, rice, maize, coffee, Artocarpus. At about 400m from the site are erosion test plots. From 3 years of testing the following average erosion rates have been calculated: control plot (bare soil
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	continuous crop rotation
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	142m
Physiographic Unit	smooth interfluve
Physiographic position of the site	crest
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	2%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-160cm
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 35: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID035: Ferralsols

Classification