Reference soil Indonesia 36: Andosol

ID036

Andosols occur throughout the world where volcanic activity is common, especially in the circum-Pacific region and along the mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Characteristics

Soils with a vitric or andic horizon (slightly to moderately weathered horizons in pyroclastic deposits dominated by short-range-order minerals, notably allophane and imogolite) starting within 25 cm from the soil surface. In addition, they may have a histic, fulvic, melanic, mollic, umbric, ochric, duric, or cambic horizon. Other diagnostic horizons (unless buried deeper than 50 cm by volcanic deposits) are absent.

Distribution of Andosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID036: Andosols

PARENT MATERIAL: The soil parent material is an ash/lapilli layer of about 1 to 1.5 metre deposited on a man-made terrace. The time of deposition is unknown to the farmers of this area. LAND USE AND VEGETATION: Land use at the site is wooded fallow land with few crops like banana. Nearby site sawahs. Penetrometer readings: A 1, C2 4 to 5, B 2, C2 1.5, IIA 1.5 to 2, IIB 2 to 3 kg/cm2.

Classification

WRB 2006

Umbric-Silandic- Andosol

0-30 cm	umbric horizon
-	andic

0-30 cm	umbric horizon
-	andic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Umbric Andosol

Humic Andosol

0-30 cm	umbric A horizon
-	andic

0-30 cm	umbric A horizon
-	smeary consistence

Local classification:	Andosol Distrik

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Hapludand
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Dystrandept udic medial isohyperthermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-30	-	0.5	2.4	8.0	21.0	15.7	47.6	23.6	14.9	38.5	13.9
30-44	-	0.1	0.8	6.5	22.5	16.9	46.8	23.3	20.4	43.7	9.6
44-100	-	0.9	4.7	12.2	17.8	10.7	46.3	13.6	18.3	31.9	21.8
100-123	-	5.5	24.3	31.0	12.7	2.8	76.3	1.2	12.1	13.3	10.2
123-130	-	0.5	4.1	8.7	12.6	8.1	34	7.6	30.2	37.8	28.1
130-170	-	0.4	2.1	4.7	12.0	8.5	27.7	11.1	27.1	38.2	34.0

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-30	0.730	-	-	0.4	13.9
5-10	0.73	-	-	-	-
30-44	-	-	-	0.4	9.6
50-55	0.53	-	-	-	-
140-145	0.47	-	-	-	-
44-100	0.530	-	-	0.8	21.8
100-123	-	-	-	0.4	10.2
123-130	-	-	-	0.8	28.1
130-170	0.470	-	-	1.2	34.0

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-30	0.730	68.9	68.9	63.2	56.8	52.8	47.9	52.0	49.1
5-10	0.73	68.9	68.9	63.2	56.8	52.8	47.9	52	49.1
50-55	0.53	76.7	76.6	71.4	67.3	65.5	63.3	48.2	45.3
140-145	0.47	78.9	76.9	71.3	67.2	65.2	62.7	56.1	52
44-100	0.530	76.7	76.6	71.4	67.3	65.5	63.3	48.2	45.3
130-170	0.470	78.9	76.9	71.3	67.2	65.2	62.7	56.1	52.0

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-30	6.2	5.5	0.05	-	2.53	0.24	11	-	-	2.7	0.9	0.4	0.0	4
30-44	6.5	5.6	0.02	-	0.67	-	-	-	-	1.1	0.2	0.2	0.0	1.5
44-100	6.2	5.4	0.02	-	1.93	0.21	9	-	-	2.5	0.6	0.3	0.0	3.4
100-123	6.1	5.2	0.01	-	0.39	0.03	13	-	-	0.6	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.7
123-130	6.2	5.1	0.02	-	2.41	0.22	11	-	-	4.7	0.8	0.6	0.3	6.4
130-170	6.3	5.1	0.01	-	1.60	0.23	7	-	-	4.2	1.0	0.2	0.5	5.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-30	38	10.6	76	8.9	-	-	0
30-44	28	5.3	55	2.3	-	-	0
44-100	28	12.2	56	6.8	-	-	0
100-123	12	6	59	1.4	-	-	0
123-130	26	24.4	87	8.4	-	-	1
130-170	25	23.7	70	5.6	-	-	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-30	10.7	99	-	4.90	2.90	1.70	0.90	0.00	0.30	-	0.80
30-44	10.4	87	-	2.80	1.90	0.80	0.30	0.00	0.20	-	0.40
44-100	10.5	99	-	5.50	3.60	1.90	0.90	0.00	0.30	-	1.00
100-123	10.2	79	-	3.50	2.50	0.60	0.30	0.00	0.10	-	0.40
123-130	10.3	99	-	6.20	3.90	3.60	1.50	0.30	0.80	-	1.90
130-170	10.2	99	-	6.80	4.80	4.20	1.90	0.10	0.30	-	2.10

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-30	-	small	-	-	-	-	very small	-	small	-	-	-
30-44	-	small	-	-	-	-	very small	-	small	-	-	-
100-123	-	very small	-	-	-	-	small	-	small	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-30 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)silt loam,moderate medium subangular blocky parting to weak fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky non plastic weakly smeary,common fine distinct mottles (2.5 R 4/8),many fine pores and common pores,abrupt wavy boundary to,
C 30-44 cm	light brownish grey (10YR 6/2, moist)loamy sand,weakly coherent porous massive,friable non sticky non plastic,many very fine fine pores,abrupt wavy boundary to,
2B 44-100 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)silt loam,weak fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky non plastic,many fine tubular random pores,few fine gravel fresh Lapilli fragments,clear wavy boundary to,
2C 100-123 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)Description sand,structureless single grain,loose non sticky non plastic,many fine interstitial pores,abrupt wavy boundary to,
3A 123-130 cm	black (10YR 2/1, moist)silt loam,weak fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky non plastic,many fine tubular random pores,clear wavy boundary to,
3B 130-170 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)silt loam,moderate medium subangular blocky moderate fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky non plastic weakly smeary,many fine coarse random pores,few medium gravel fresh basalt fragments,

Depth1	100cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	basic ash
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	ejecta ash
Remarks on Parent Materials	Merapi ejecta. Ash/lapilli layer of about 1 to 1.5 metre deposited on a man-made terrace. The time of deposition is unknown to the farmers of this area.
Soil Depth	150cm
Texture of parent material	sandy

Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	terracing
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow system cultivation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: wooded fallow land with few crops (banana) LANDUSE: Sawahs nearby

Altitude	1050m
Physiographic Unit	lower slope
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	volcano
Slope	16%
Slope Aspect	south
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-150cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Estimated run off (class)	rapid

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	little rocky
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline

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Reference soil Indonesia 36: Andosol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID036: Andosols

Classification