Reference soil Indonesia 41: Cambisol

ID041

Cambisols occur mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the world, where the soil’s parent material is still young or where low temperatures slow down the processes of soil formation.

Characteristics

Soils having either a cambic horizon (a horizon showing evidence of alteration with respect to the underlying material), or a mollic horizon overlying a subsoil, which has a base saturation of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or one of the following diagnostic horizons within the specified depth: an andic, vertic, or vitric horizon starting between 25 and 100 cm; a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon starting between 50 and 100 cm, in absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons.

Distribution of Cambisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID041: Cambisols

pH field method : Truogh (USA). ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: A1.1 - multicoloured: 10YR6/4 (60%) & 10YR3/3 (40%). A1.2 - consistency when moist: friable to firm. Bw1 - consistency when moist: friable to firm. C - multicoloured: 2.5Y7/2 (90%) & 10YR5/8.

Classification

WRB 2006

Ferralic- Cambisol (Alumic)

123-129 cm	fragic horizon
32-123 cm	cambic horizon
-	ferralic

123-129 cm	fragic horizon
32-123 cm	cambic horizon
-	ferralic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Hyperdystri-Ferralic Cambisol

Ferralic Cambisol

0-32 cm	ochric A horizon
32-123 cm	cambic B horizon
-	ferralic

0-32 cm	ochric A horizon
32-123 cm	cambic B horizon
-	ferralic

Local classification:	Kambisol Oksik

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Dystropept

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-14	-	0.1	1.8	12.7	28.6	21.1	64.3	12.6	10.4	23	12.8
14-32	-	0.0	1.6	12.2	29.6	17.4	60.8	18.5	15.1	33.6	5.8
32-51	-	0.1	1.7	12.9	30.5	17.2	62.4	11.2	11.9	23.1	14.6
51-101	-	0.1	1.5	11.3	28.7	17.8	59.4	18.7	9.0	27.7	12.8
101-123	-	0.3	1.5	11.7	32.0	18.4	63.9	21.3	10.6	31.9	4.3
123-129	-	0.1	1.4	10.4	30.9	21.1	63.9	21.0	13.1	34.1	1.9
129-160	-	0.1	1.7	11.3	28.4	17.5	59	14.2	13.1	27.3	13.8

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-14	0.870	-	-	2.5	12.8
5-10	0.87	-	-	-	-
14-32	-	-	-	2.5	5.8
35-40	1.25	-	-	-	-
32-51	1.250	-	-	0.5	14.6
51-101	-	-	-	0.9	12.8
101-123	-	-	-	4.1	4.3
123-129	-	-	-	1.0	1.9
129-160	-	-	-	10.7	13.8

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-14	0.870	58.5	52.7	43.2	33.4	28.9	25.4	9.2	8.2
5-10	0.87	58.5	52.7	43.2	33.4	28.9	25.4	9.2	8.2
35-40	1.25	44.5	43.5	36.2	27.6	24.5	21.8	11.4	10.4
32-51	1.250	44.5	43.5	36.2	27.6	24.5	21.8	11.4	10.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-14	4.5	4.2	0.09	-	2.89	0.09	32	2.4	2.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
14-32	4.7	4.7	0.04	-	1.44	0.08	18	0.7	0.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
32-51	4.7	4.5	0.03	-	0.25	0.04	6	0.5	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
51-101	4.7	4.3	0.02	-	0.15	-	-	0.5	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
101-123	5.1	4.6	0.02	-	0.03	-	-	0.2	0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
123-129	5.1	4.9	0.04	-	0.37	-	-	0.2	0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
129-160	4.9	4.6	0.03	-	0.14	0.01	14	0.4	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-14	0	7.3	57	7.9	-	30	0
14-32	0	3.1	53	5.0	-	23	0
32-51	0	1.6	11	0.9	-	31	0
51-101	0	1.3	10	0.5	-	15	0
101-123	40	0.5	12	0.1	-	0	0
123-129	0	3.2	168	1.3	-	0	0
129-160	0	3.0	22	0.5	-	7	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-14	10.6	44	-	0.40	0.00	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.50	-	0.20
14-32	11.2	61	-	0.70	0.10	0.30	0.50	0.30	0.70	-	0.20
32-51	9.7	30	-	0.20	0.00	0.30	0.10	0.20	0.30	-	0.20
51-101	8.1	16	-	0.10	0.00	0.30	0.10	0.00	0.00	-	0.10
101-123	7.8	7	-	0.10	0.00	0.10	0.00	0.00	0.10	-	0.00
123-129	11.1	54	-	1.10	0.40	0.10	0.30	0.00	0.30	-	0.00
129-160	10.6	27	-	0.40	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.00	0.10	-	0.00

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-14	small	small	medium	-	-	-	large	-	-	small	-	-
14-32	very small	small	medium	-	-	-	medium	-	-	medium	-	-
32-51	small	small	large	-	-	-	large	-	-	small	-	-
51-101	small	small	large	-	-	-	large	-	-	small	-	-
101-123	small	small	medium	-	-	-	medium	-	-	small	-	-
123-129	very small	small	medium	-	-	-	medium	-	-	medium	-	-
129-160	very small	small	medium	-	-	-	medium	-	-	small	-	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-14 cm	sandy loamweak fine subangular blocky to medium crumb,non sticky non plastic,many fine pores and many pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Ah2 14-32 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)sandy loam,weak medium subangular blocky,non sticky non plastic,many fine pores and many pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw1 32-51 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/8, moist)sandy loam,weak medium subangular blocky,slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine pores and many pores,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bw2 51-101 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/8, moist)sandy loam,weak medium subangular blocky,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine pores and many pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
101-123 cm	pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4, moist)sandy loam,weak medium subangular blocky,firm non sticky non plastic,few fine pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
C 123-129 cm	sandy loamfragipan pans,abrupt smooth boundary to,
129-160 cm	light grey (10YR 7/2, moist)very fine sand,massive,firm non sticky non plastic,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sandstone
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	unconsolidated, unspecified
Texture of parent material	sandy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	sandy

Major crops	oil palm
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	tree and shrub cropping

Altitude	52m
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	2%
Slope Aspect	west
Form of the slope surrounding the site	concave
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-160cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 41: Cambisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ID041: Cambisols

Classification