Reference soil Italy 05:

IT005

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil IT005: Luvisol

Short field description: A very deep, moderately well to well drained, brown, sandy loamy profile; the brown mediterranean soil with a distinct difference in clay content between the A2- and B2-horizon. The profile has been developed in old colluvial material of granite, and is overlying an older truncated soil. The pH is determined according to Hellige. * The effective soil depth is more than 118 cm.; no evidence of groundwater is found within 2.5m. A detailed description of the vegetation is available: Author: Bos (ITC) Date: 05-70 Area: 10 * 10 m. Coverage: 90% Detected vegetation are only herbs and grasses with a maximum height of 0.8m. 'Ganzebloem'2.1 Muscari sp.+.1 Artemesia campestris2.3 Oats-like grasses2.1 Astragalus2.2 Trifolium sp.3.4 Viccia sp.+.1 Lupinus angustifolius1.2 Rumen buccocephalus2.2 Avena sp.2.2 Dianthus sp.2.3 Bryza sp.2.1 Hordeum murinum+.1 Lolium per.2.4 Tragopogon+.1 Sedum rupestre1.1 Plantago sp.1.1 'composite'1.2 Coverage and sociability + = 5%1 = loose 1 = 5-10%2 = small polls 2 = 10-25%3 = big polls 3 = 25-50%4 = almost covered surface 4 = 50-75%5 = covered surface 5 = 75-100% XXX Description of profile is said to be NOT the same as the monolith IT005

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	1	-	-	-	-	-	64.4	12	15	27	8.6
12-26	2	-	-	-	-	-	67	11.2	13.6	24.8	8.2
35-50	1	-	-	-	-	-	65.8	12.2	13.4	25.6	8.6
55-70	1	-	-	-	-	-	64.1	11.6	14.1	25.7	10
75-85	0	-	-	-	-	-	58.5	11.6	17.2	28.8	22.7
95-100	0	-	-	-	-	-	56.7	11.6	15.5	27.1	16.2
125-140	0	-	-	-	-	-	65	11	11.2	22.2	12.8

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	8.6
12-26	-	-	-	-	8.2
35-50	-	-	-	-	8.6
55-70	-	-	-	-	10
75-85	-	-	-	-	22.7
95-100	-	-	-	-	16.2
125-140	-	-	-	-	12.8

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	6.4	4.5	-	-	0.62	0.05	12	-	-	7.9	2.3	0.3	0.4	10.9
12-26	6.4	4.4	-	-	0.50	0.05	10	-	-	8.2	2.5	0.2	0.1	11
35-50	6.5	4.5	-	-	0.43	0.04	11	-	-	8.7	2.6	0.1	0.0	11.4
55-70	6.8	4.8	-	-	0.36	0.03	12	-	-	8.9	2.8	0.1	0.0	11.8
75-85	6.7	4.7	-	-	0.24	0.04	6	-	-	7.2	3.4	0.2	0.1	10.9
95-100	6.2	4.2	-	-	0.15	0.02	8	-	-	6.8	4.1	0.1	0.0	11
125-140	6.1	3.9	-	-	0.11	0.02	6	-	-	6.7	4.3	0.1	0.1	11.2

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	80	13.7	159	2.2	-	-	-
12-26	78	14.1	172	1.8	-	-	-
35-50	86	13.3	155	1.5	-	-	-
55-70	89	13.3	133	1.3	-	-	-
75-85	74	14.7	65	0.8	-	-	-
95-100	75	14.7	91	0.5	-	-	-
125-140	75	15	117	0.4	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	-	0.4	0	-	-	-	-
12-26	-	-	-	-	-	0.4	0	-	-	-	-
35-50	-	-	-	-	-	0.4	0	-	-	-	-
55-70	-	-	-	-	-	0.5	0	-	-	-	-
75-85	-	-	-	-	-	1	0.1	-	-	-	-
95-100	-	-	-	-	-	0.7	0	-	-	-	-
125-140	-	-	-	-	-	0.6	0.1	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap1 0-10 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, dry) (10YR 5/7, moist)sandy loam organic,structureless,very friable,common fine pores and common pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Ap2 10-31 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, dry) (10YR 5/5, moist)sandy loam,weak fine subangular blocky and structureless porous massive,very friable,few fine pores and few pores,clear smooth boundary to,
B 31-50 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, dry) (10YR 5/5, moist)sandy loam,moderate coarse subangular blocky parting to weak fine subangular blocky,friable,patchy thin clay cutans,few fine pores and few pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt1 50-74 cm	(10YR 5/5, dry) strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)sandy loam,moderate coarse and very coarse subangular blocky parting to weak fine subangular blocky,friable,patchy thick clay cutans,few fine pores and few pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
2Bt2 74-93 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate medium and coarse prismatic parting to moderate medium and coarse angular blocky,friable,few medium faint mottles (7.5YR 5/7),continuous thick clay cutans,no pores,clear wavy boundary to,
2Bt3 93-118 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, dry) brown (7.5YR 5/4, moist)sandy loam,moderate coarse prismatic parting to moderate medium angular blocky,friable,common coarse prominent mottles (7.5YR 5/7),broken thick clay cutans,no pores,gradual wavy boundary to,
2BC 118- cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, dry) pale brown (10YR 6/3, moist)sandy loam,moderate very coarse prismatic parting to moderate medium angular blocky,friable,common coarse prominent mottles (7.5YR 5/7),patchy thick clay cutans,no pores,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	coarse-grained acid igneous rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
Texture of parent material (second entry)	sandy
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	cultivation practices

Altitude	750m
Physiographic Unit	dissected landscape in granite
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Slope	3%
Slope Aspect	north
Form of the slope surrounding the site	undulating
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-118cm
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Italy 05:

Characteristics

Reference soil IT005: Luvisol

Classification