Reference soil Italy 06: Luvic Phaeozem

IT006

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil IT006: Luvic Phaeozems

Short field description: A very deep, well drained, reddish to dark brown, clayey profile. The dusky red gravelly clay (Ap) overlies a deep, homogeneous dusky red B2-horizon of clay texture. The transition to the brown 2C1, a gravelly loam, is abrupt. Horizonation is gradual, the bulk of the roots are confined to the top 39 cm, coarse prismatic structures breaking into angular blocky peds are common in the B-horizon; the pH(water) is moderately alkaline throughout. These soils are deep and moderately well drained. The B-horizon shows patchy and continuous clay cutans, a B2t is readily recognised. These soils occupy fairly high topogrphic positions (225 to 540 m) and are found on flat interfluves between rivers as well as on the highest marine terrace remnants. The parent material is variable but contains a fairly high clay percentage. The vegetation under a mediterranean type of rainfall (600 to 1000 mm) is a low oak forest, commonly destroyed by human interference. * stratified dolomitic sand and gravel ** soils depth is deeper than 180 cm, with no evidence of groundwater within 300 cm. *** situated within Pre-Pliocene terrain Reference: Heilmann, 1972, 'On the formation of red soils in the lower crati basin (S. Italy)', thesis, Reference number CAL 15, Utrecht.

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
1-16	5	-	-	-	-	-	8.5	12.4	32.4	44.8	46.7
26-36	1	-	-	-	-	-	7.3	7.9	19.9	27.8	64.9
56-71	0	-	-	-	-	-	6	6	20.1	26.1	67.9
91-106	1	-	-	-	-	-	7	5.9	17.2	23.1	69.9
121-131	0	-	-	-	-	-	5.2	5.1	8.2	13.3	81.5
131-146	42	-	-	-	-	-	7.2	0.7	16.5	17.2	75.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
1-16	-	-	-	-	46.7
26-36	-	-	-	-	64.9
56-71	-	-	-	-	67.9
91-106	-	-	-	-	69.9
121-131	-	-	-	-	81.5
131-146	-	-	-	-	75.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
1-16	8.1	7.0	-	12	2.25	0.22	10	-	-	17.4	8.6	1.0	0.3	27.3
26-36	8.1	6.8	-	0.8	1.42	0.15	9	-	-	17.5	8.6	0.9	0.2	27.2
56-71	8.0	6.7	-	0.3	0.82	0.11	7	-	-	17.6	9.3	0.6	0.3	27.8
91-106	7.9	6.4	-	0.2	0.75	0.09	8	-	-	18.2	10.4	0.6	0.3	29.5
121-131	7.8	6.4	-	0.2	0.79	0.11	7	-	-	21.0	12.2	0.7	0.4	34.3
131-146	8.1	7.5	-	8.2	0.37	0.04	9	-	-	4.8	3.0	0.1	0.1	8

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
1-16	81	33.5	72	7.9	-	-	-
26-36	75	36.4	56	5	-	-	-
56-71	80	34.7	51	2.9	-	-	-
91-106	75	39.5	57	2.6	-	-	-
121-131	77	44.4	54	2.8	-	-	-
131-146	87	9.2	12	1.3	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
1-16	-	-	-	0.4	0.17	2.5	-	-	-	-	0.53
26-36	-	-	-	0.42	0.16	2.9	-	-	-	-	0.67
56-71	-	-	-	0.42	0.17	3.4	-	-	-	-	0.66
91-106	-	-	-	0.53	0.25	3.2	-	-	-	-	0.72
121-131	-	-	-	0.67	0.23	3.5	-	-	-	-	0.85
131-146	-	-	-	0.11	0.11	0.8	-	-	-	-	0.13
-	-	-	-	-	-	0.2	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
1-16	18.8	4.8	6.5	2.0	-	0.37	43.7	0.79
26-36	21.8	1.3	7.8	2.50	-	0.36	50.7	0.97
56-71	23.3	0.75	7.9	2.20	-	0.28	50.5	0.98
91-106	24.9	0.85	7.8	2.10	-	0.24	48.6	0.91
121-131	27.2	0.74	8	1.90	-	0.19	44.4	0.82
131-146	4.2	19.5	1.3	0.41	-	0.05	7.9	0.72

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
1-16	4.5	20.4	-	-	3.9	17.9	3.2
26-36	4.4	14.7	-	-	3.9	17.3	3.2
56-71	4.6	14.5	-	-	3.7	17.0	3.0
91-106	5.0	15.4	-	-	3.3	16.6	2.8
121-131	5.3	17.3	-	-	2.8	14.8	2.3
131-146	5.1	40.8	-	-	3.2	16.2	2.7

Profile description

Ap 0-25 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, dry) dusky red (2.5YR 3/2, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable,many fine pores and few pores,few fine gravel dolomitic fragm fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
B 25-39 cm	(2.5YR 3/3, dry) dusky red (2.5YR 3/2, moist)clay,weak coarse prismatic parting to moderate fine and medium angular blocky,friable,patchy clay cutans,many fine pores and few pores,gradual wavy boundary to,
Bt1 39-80 cm	dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4, dry) (2.5YR 3/3, moist)clay,moderate coarse prismatic parting to strong medium angular blocky,friable,continuous clay cutans,few fine pores,diffuse wavy boundary to,
Bt2 80-130 cm	(2.5YR 3/2.5, dry) dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)clay,moderate coarse prismatic parting to strong medium angular blocky,firm,continuous clay cutans,few fine pores,abrupt wavy boundary to,
2C 130-180 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, dry) brown (7.5YR 5/4, moist)loam gravelly,massive,firm,dominant strongly weathered dolomitic fragm fragments,

Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	underlain by Italy 8
Texture of parent material (second entry)	mixed

Major crops	cereals (unspecified)
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Ploughed for rainfed agriculture
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen woodland

Altitude	540m
Physiographic Unit	remnant marine terraces
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	4%
Slope Aspect	east
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	hilly

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-180cm

Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Italy 06: Luvic Phaeozem

Reference soil IT006: Luvic Phaeozems

Classification