Reference soil Italy 07: Haplic Phaeozem

IT007

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil IT007: Haplic Phaeozems

Short field description: A vey deep, well drained, dark reddish brown, gravelly clayey profile. Horizonation is clear; the main root development is observed in the top 15 cm. The pH (Hellige) is moderately alkaline throughout. The soil seems to occur mainly on fairly low situated terrace remnants, but exact distribution pattern and acreage is not known. The original vegetation, evergreen oak forest, is destroyed through human interference. Soils of these kind are used for the production of cereals. Associated soils are alluvial soils, rankers, and reddish brown soils. * effective soildepth deeper than 200 cm. No evidence of groundwater within 200 cm. ** for rainfed agriculture Reference: Heilmann, 1972, 'On the formation of red soils in the lower crati basin (S. Italy)', thesis, Reference number CAL 16, Utrecht.

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
3-3	58	-	-	-	-	-	36.5	8.5	11.9	20.4	43.1
0-10	33	-	-	-	-	-	25.8	12.9	15.8	28.7	45.5
20-35	41	-	-	-	-	-	25.5	11.7	14.7	26.4	48.1
40-60	23	-	-	-	-	-	20.6	11.1	18.7	29.8	49.6
75-95	15	-	-	-	-	-	18.4	11.8	17.5	29.3	52.3

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
3-3	-	-	-	-	43.1
0-10	-	-	-	-	45.5
20-35	-	-	-	-	48.1
40-60	-	-	-	-	49.6
75-95	-	-	-	-	52.3

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
3-3	8.1	6.8	-	0.2	0.14	0.03	5	-	-	14.4	2.3	0.6	0.3	17.6
0-10	8.0	6.9	-	0.8	2.05	0.21	10	-	-	16.0	3.1	1.3	0.2	20.6
20-35	8.1	7.0	-	0.6	1.25	0.15	8	-	-	17.3	3.0	1.0	0.1	21.4
40-60	8.1	6.9	-	0.3	0.79	0.10	8	-	-	15.2	2.9	0.8	0.2	19.1
75-95	8.1	6.8	-	0.2	0.68	0.09	8	-	-	13.9	3.0	0.7	0.3	17.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
3-3	88	20.1	47	0.5	-	-	-
0-10	84	24.4	54	7.2	-	-	-
20-35	88	24.2	50	4.4	-	-	-
40-60	85	22.6	46	2.8	-	-	-
75-95	80	22.4	43	2.4	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
3-3	-	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	0.22
0-10	-	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	0.22
20-35	-	-	-	-	-	2.1	-	-	-	-	0.27
40-60	-	-	-	-	-	2.3	-	-	-	-	0.28

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-10	16.0	1.2	5.5	2.20	-	0.66	62.3	0.69
20-35	17.2	1.2	5.9	2.20	-	0.59	63.4	0.73
40-60	17.6	0.88	6.1	2.30	-	0.59	63.0	0.84
75-95	18.3	0.66	6.3	2.40	-	0.61	58.9	0.85

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-10	4.6	12.1	-	-	6.6	30.2	5.4
20-35	4.6	10.9	-	-	6.3	28.6	5.1
40-60	4.5	10.2	-	-	6.1	27.5	5.0
75-95	4.6	12.2	-	-	5.5	24.9	4.5

Profile description

Ap 0-15 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, dry) dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)clay gravelly,moderate medium angular blocky and moderate fine angular blocky,friable,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw1 15-36 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, dry) dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)clay gravelly,weak medium prismatic parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,friable,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw2 36-200 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, dry) (2.5YR 3/3, moist)clay gravelly,moderate coarse prismatic parting to strong fine and medium angular blocky,slightly hard,patchy clay cutans,few fine gravel fragments fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	layered deposits
Texture of parent material (second entry)	gravelly

Major crops	cereals (unspecified)
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	cultivation practices, ploughed **
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen woodland

Altitude	140m
Physiographic Unit	remnant marine terraces
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	4%
Slope Aspect	south
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-200cm

Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

You are here

Reference soil Italy 07: Haplic Phaeozem

Reference soil IT007: Haplic Phaeozems

Classification