Reference soil Jamaica 01: Acrisol

JM001

Acrisols occur dominantly in the wetter parts of the tropics and subtropics and the warm temperate regions in relatively young landscapes.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon), which has a cation exchange capacity of less than 24 cmolc per kg in some part, either starting within 100 cm from the soil surface, or within 200 cm from the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. They have a base saturation (total amount of Ca, Mg, K and Na with respect to the cation exchange capacity) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface

Distribution of Acrisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil JM001: Acrisols

pH in field measured with Truog Soil Reaction Field kit.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Cutanic- Acrisol (Alumic Humic Hyperdystric)

Alumi-Humic- Acrisol (Hyperdystric Chromic)

23-109 cm

argic horizon

0-23 cm	ochric horizon
23-109 cm	argic horizon
-	strongly humic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Chromi-Humic Acrisol

Humic Acrisol

0-23 cm	ochric A horizon
23-109 cm	argic B horizon
-	strongly humic

0-23 cm	ochric A horizon
23-109 cm	argillic B horizon
-	ferric
-	high organic matter content in B horizon
-	high organic matter content in the B horizon

Local classification:	Chudleigh clay loam

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Palehumult
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Palehumult udic clayey mixed isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-6	-	1.2	2.1	1.2	0.9	0.5	5.9	3.5	28.0	31.5	62.6
6-23	-	1.8	2.1	1.2	1.0	0.0	6.1	2.1	28.8	30.9	63.0
23-35	-	1.2	1.5	0.8	0.5	0.4	4.4	1.1	19.5	20.6	74.9
35-55	-	0.7	0.9	0.4	0.3	0.2	2.5	1.9	16.9	18.8	78.7
55-84	-	2.0	1.7	0.7	0.6	0.5	5.5	1.8	21.0	22.8	71.7
84-109	-	1.1	1.1	0.6	0.6	0.5	3.9	2.7	20.9	23.6	72.6
109-155	-	1.0	1.1	0.7	0.5	0.4	3.7	4.4	24.4	28.8	67.6
0-35	-	2.3	2.3	1.1	1	0.5	7.2	2.8	24.1	26.9	65.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-6	-	-	-	22.0	62.6
6-23	-	-	-	23.5	63.0
23-35	-	-	-	42.0	74.9
35-55	-	-	-	5.0	78.7
55-84	-	-	-	4.0	71.7
84-109	-	-	-	2.5	72.6
109-155	-	-	-	3.5	67.6
0-35	-	-	-	31.5	65.9

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-6	5.1	4.5	0.37	-	5.66	0.57	10	0.3	0.1	9.0	2.3	0.2	0.0	11.5
6-23	5.6	4.7	0.10	-	4.12	0.41	10	0.2	0.1	9.3	1.1	0.1	0.0	10.5
23-35	5.9	4.9	0.03	-	1.08	0.19	6	0.1	0.1	6.0	0.3	0.1	0.0	6.4
35-55	5.5	4.7	0.03	-	0.66	0.14	5	0.1	0.1	4.8	0.1	0.0	0.1	5.0
55-84	5.1	4.0	0.02	-	0.51	-	-	2.2	1.8	1.9	0.1	0.1	0.1	2.2
84-109	4.9	3.8	0.02	-	0.38	-	-	4.5	3.9	1.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	1.2
109-155	4.9	3.8	0.02	-	0.27	0.03	9	4.2	3.7	1.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	1.2
0-35	5.7	4.9	0.08	-	2.63	0.31	8	0	0	6.1	0.2	0.1	0.0	6.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-6	-	23.1	-	19.8	-	-	0
6-23	-	20.1	-	14.4	-	-	0
23-35	-	12.7	-	3.8	-	-	0
35-55	-	12.1	-	2.3	-	-	1
55-84	-	12.5	-	1.8	-	-	1
84-109	-	13.2	-	1.3	-	-	0
109-155	-	12.3	-	0.9	-	-	0
0-35	-	15	-	9.2	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-6	-	-	-	0.40	0.10	4.00	0.80	1.00	0.50	-	1.00
6-23	-	-	-	0.40	0.10	4.30	0.80	1.00	0.50	-	1.00
23-35	-	-	-	0.40	0.10	6.90	1.10	2.20	0.50	-	0.60
35-55	-	-	-	0.40	0.10	6.80	1.10	1.60	0.40	-	0.70
55-84	-	-	-	0.40	0.10	7.60	1.10	1.40	0.40	-	1.00
84-109	-	-	-	0.40	0.10	7.60	1.10	0.50	0.20	-	1.30
109-155	-	-	-	0.40	0.10	6.80	0.90	0.10	0.10	-	1.20

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-6	56.0	20.3	8.6	0.07	0.69	0.13	-	1.39
6-23	55.8	20.9	8.8	0.06	0.67	0.14	-	1.36
23-35	46.5	24.0	13.2	0.09	0.60	0.16	-	1.37
35-55	47.0	24.4	13.6	0.09	0.63	0.20	-	1.40
55-84	45.1	24.8	14.2	0.10	0.69	0.22	-	1.38
84-109	46.2	26.2	13.8	0.05	0.70	0.19	-	1.30
109-155	48.7	23.3	12.8	0.09	0.75	0.21	-	1.35

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
0-6	0.16	0.71	10.8	98.9	4.7	17.4	3.7	3.7
6-23	0.15	0.67	10.8	99.3	4.5	16.8	3.6	3.7
23-35	0.06	0.78	12.1	98.9	3.3	9.3	2.4	2.8
35-55	0.07	0.89	12.0	100.3	3.3	9.2	2.4	2.8
55-84	0.04	0.91	12.3	99.8	3.1	8.4	2.3	2.7
84-109	0.04	0.89	12.5	101.9	3.0	8.9	2.2	3.0
109-155	0.04	0.83	11.7	99.8	3.5	10.1	2.6	2.8

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-6	11.7	0.41	7.2	0.08	0.42	-	61.8	1.04
6-23	12.1	0.38	7.5	0.09	0.39	-	62.5	1.07
23-35	17.7	0.23	11.6	0.13	0.42	-	56.3	1.26
35-55	18.0	0.19	12.1	0.13	0.44	-	55.8	1.30
55-84	18.8	0.11	12.5	0.14	0.46	-	54.5	1.28
84-109	19.0	0.09	12.0	0.15	0.52	-	54.9	1.19
109-155	15.9	0.07	11.4	0.12	0.46	-	60.5	1.14
0-35	13.6	0.28	8.5	0.10	0.34	-	61.4	1.11

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-6	2.5	16.8	0.36	0.50	9.0	22.9	6.4
6-23	2.5	14.4	0.46	0.48	8.8	22.2	6.3
23-35	2.4	10.9	0.08	0.59	5.4	12.9	3.8
35-55	2.3	10.3	0.11	0.65	5.3	12.3	3.7
55-84	2.4	10.2	0.06	0.65	4.9	11.6	3.5
84-109	2.5	10.0	0.04	0.65	4.9	12.2	3.5
109-155	2.2	8.7	0.04	0.58	6.5	14.1	4.4
0-35	2.5	12.3	0.36	0.48	7.7	19.2	5.5

Profile description

Ap1 0-6 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)clay,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky and moderate fine and medium crumb,firm slightly sticky plastic,many very fine interstitial pores and common tubular pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few small spherical hard manganiferous nodules,few medium gravel strongly weathered chert fragments,frequent coprogenic elements,clear smooth boundary to,
Ap2 6-21 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate coarse subangular blocky parting to fine and medium subangular blocky,firm slightly sticky plastic,many very fine interstitial pores and common tubular pores highly porous (>60 vol%),few small spherical hard manganiferous nodules medium,few medium gravel strongly weathered chert few coarse gravel strongly weathered fragments,few coprogenic elements,clear wavy boundary to,
Bt1 21-33 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate coarse subangular blocky parting to fine and medium subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,patchy thin clay on pedfaces cutans,many very fine tubular pores and many vesicular pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few small spherical hard manganiferous nodules medium,few medium gravel strongly weathered chert few coarse gravel strongly weathered fragments,few coprogenic elements,clear wavy boundary to,
Bt2 33-51 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky to strong medium and coarse subangular blocky,firm sticky plastic,broken moderately thick clay on pedfaces cutans,common very fine tubular pores and common interstitial pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few small spherical hard manganiferous nodules,few medium gravel strongly weathered chert few coarse gravel strongly weathered fragments,few coprogenic elements,gradual wavy boundary to,
Bt3 51-77 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate medium and coarse angular blocky to strong medium and coarse angular blocky,firm sticky plastic,few medium distinct mottles (5YR 5/6) and few coarse distinct mottles (5YR 5/6),continuous moderately thick clay on pedfaces cutans,common fine interstitial pores and common vesicular pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few small spherical soft manganiferous nodules,few medium gravel strongly weathered chert few coarse gravel strongly weathered fragments,few coprogenic elements,gradual wavy boundary to,
Bt4 77-105 cm	reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky and strong fine and medium angular blocky,firm sticky plastic,common medium distinct mottles (2.5YR 4/6) and common coarse distinct mottles (2.5YR 4/6),broken moderately thick clay on pedfaces cutans,few fine tubular pores and few interstitial pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),few small spherical soft manganiferous nodules,few medium gravel strongly weathered chert fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
BCtg 105-155 cm	reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/8, moist)clay gravelly,moderate coarse subangular blocky parting to medium angular blocky,many medium distinct mottles (2.5YR 4/6) and many medium distinct mottles (10YR 8/2),broken thick clay on pedfaces cutans,few fine tubular pores and few vesicular pores slightly porous (<40 vol%),few small spherical soft manganiferous nodules,few medium gravel strongly weathered chert few coarse gravel strongly weathered fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	limestone
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	white limestone and flint
Soil Depth	155cm
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey
Weathering Resistance	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	slightly

Major crops	yam
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	cultivated pasture
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Only small patches left of the original vegetation LANDUSE: Also banana, maize, marihuana and dasheen
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop - grass rotation, lay
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	228m
Physiographic Unit	doline karst uplands
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	low hill
Slope	3%
Slope Aspect	south-west
Form of the slope surrounding the site	undulating
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-155cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Microrelief Height: variation in height	0
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Jamaica 01: Acrisol

Characteristics

Reference soil JM001: Acrisols

Classification